Fishing/Fisheries

Question 1

Stock Size

Answer 1

A function of population size, spatial variability, and the amount of fishing (fishing effort), which includes the number of boats, fishing hours, and gear quality

Question 2

Stock Health

Answer 2

Can be determined from its growth in the previous year and recruitment into production

Question 3

Stock-Recruitment Models

Answer 3

Attempt to predict change in the stock as a function of the stock size in previous years // a popular model predicts that stock increase rate will decline as the stock size becomes large, due to resource limitation

Question 4

Catch of Finfish

Answer 4

Caught by hooking fishes individually, entangling them in nets, or catching them in nets or traps

Question 5

Bycatch

Answer 5

An unintended form of catches, and is a major source of fish, sea turtle, and mammal mortality

Question 6

Maximum Sustainable Yield Model

Answer 6

Fishing may actually increase productivity by reducing the effects of high fish density on reproduction and growth

Question 7

Consequences of Fishing for Top Carnivores

Answer 7

This has severely reduced populations at the apex of the food chains and increased abundance at lower trophic levels

Question 8

Stock Reduction

Answer 8

Results from random variation and environmental change, where overfishing accelerates the decline

Question 9

Most Vulnerable Stocks

Answer 9

Those characterized by long generation times, small clutches of eggs, and fewer spawnings

Question 10

Exclusive Economic Zones

Answer 10

Extend 200 miles from the coast, and allow for local overfishing

Question 11

Tools for Sustainable Fisheries

Answer 11

Temporary closure, transferable quotas, fishing limits, ecosystem-based management, and marine protected areas

Question 12

Whaling Technologies

Answer 12

Extended to the open-ocean around the turn of the 20th century with developments like cannon-powered harpoons, factory ships, and stern slipways

Question 13

Mariculture

Answer 13

Natural habitats are simulated or enhanced to make the harvesting of food fish more convenient or to increase yields // especially common for mollusks

Question 14

Fish Farming

Answer 14

A major means of rearing finfishes such as salmon, but may produce fish with undesirable traits and spread of parasites

Question 15

Variables of Fishery Management

Answer 15

Understanding the life history of the species, the size of stock, physical variables, spawning and feeding grounds, migration routes, etc.

Question 16

Active Fishing Gears

Answer 16

Usually towed across the seabed or used to encircle fish (e.g. trawl and beam trawl nets, seine nets), also dredges (for shellfish) and gear like spears or harpoons

Question 17

Passive Fishing Gears

Answer 17

Put in the water and fish are caught when they move into the gear (e.g. nets set in the seabed or left floating in the open), or baited pots and fish traps

Question 18

Tolerance to Fishing Mortality

Answer 18

Hurt by slow growth, late maturity, and large body size

Question 19

Trawling

Answer 19

Has less of an impact on sandy seabeds in shallow, tide-swept, wave-impacted areas // Has much more of an impact in deep areas, where wave and tidal action are low, and the seabed is dominated by habitat-forming species

Question 20

Essential Fish Habitat (EFH)

Answer 20

Defined within legislation as those waters and substratum necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity

Question 21

Fishing Destruction on Reefs

Answer 21

Muro-ami drive netting, bottom set gill nets, heavy traps // all lead to habitat destruction

Question 22

Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management

Answer 22

Requires that the needs of future generations are not compromised by the actions of people today

Question 23

Which dolphin species were harmed by the tuna catch in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean?

Answer 23

The coastal spotted dolphin, the eastern spinner dolphin, and the northeastern offshore spotted dolphin

Question 24

Backdown

Answer 24

A method developed by fishers to release dolphins from the pursed net

Question 25

Medina Panel

Answer 25

A method developed to reduce dolphin entanglement in the mesh of the purse-seine

Question 26

High-Intensity Floodlights

Answer 26

Used when dolphin sets are made during the night to allow greater control of the purse-seine net

Question 27

Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program (AIDCP)

Answer 27

Ratified in 1999, and made educational seminars mandatory in addition to many other things

Question 28

Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)

Answer 28

Created and passed in 1972 and then amended in many subsequent years including 1981, 1984, 1988, and 1990

Question 29

the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)

Answer 29

An international commission responsible for the conservation and management of tuna and other living marine resources in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Question 30

Dolphin Mortality Limit (DML)

Answer 30

An allowable limit of dolphin mortality under the La Jolla Agreement (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission [IATTC], 1993)

Question 31

Objectives of the AIDCP

Answer 31

Progressively reduce incidental dolphin mortalities in the tuna purse-seine fishery to levels approaching zero, through the setting of annual DMLs // Seek ecologically sound means of capturing large yellowfin tuna not in association with dolphins // Ensure the long-term sustainability of the tuna stocks, and other marine resources related to this fishery

Question 32

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)

Answer 32

Established in 1996, an international non-profit organization that uses their eco-label and fishery certification program to reward sustainable fishing practices and influence consumer choice when buying seafood, thereby transforming the seafood market to a sustainable basis

Question 33

Categories of Fishing

Answer 33

Commercial, subsistence, and recreational

Question 34

Stocks

Answer 34

Populations of commercial species

Question 35

First Development in Large-Scale Commercial Fishing

Answer 35

Herring fishery in Germanic groups around 1200 CE

Question 36

Price-Based Bycatch

Answer 36

Once you have enough, you get rid of the lower priced fish and keep the higher priced ones

Question 37

Maximum Sustainable Yield

Answer 37

The point at which a fishery can catch as many fish as possible and avoid further depleting the stock of fish

Question 38

Catch Control

Answer 38

Quotas, or total allowable catch

Question 39

Effort Control

Answer 39

Gear restrictions, licensing schemes

Question 40

Economic Control

Answer 40

Fixed fees, financial incentives

Question 41

Technical Measures

Answer 41

Gear modification, fishing seasons

Question 42

Precautionary Approach

Answer 42

Manage future stocks as well as today’s

Question 43

Ecosystem-Based Approach

Answer 43

Considers conservation and economics

Question 44

Sustainable Fishery Stock (marine)

Answer 44

Has decreased from 90% in 1974 to 64.6% in 2019, so about a 25% decrease in sustainable fishing stocks over those years

Question 45

Sustainable Fisheries (freshwater)

Answer 45

28% are under low threat pressure, 55% are under moderate pressure, and 17% are under high pressure

Question 46

Bycatch Trends

Answer 46

potentially 1/5 of the weight of US commercial catches // alternatively around 10% thrown back according to another study

Question 47

Goal of Sustainable Fisheries

Answer 47

long term constant yield, maintenance of a biological, social, and economic system

Question 48

Management Efforts

Answer 48

catch control, effort control ,