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Life Aquatic > Interactions and Organism Roles > Flashcards

Interactions and Organism Roles Flashcards

1
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement toward high or low chemical concentration

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2
Q

Phototaxis

A

Movement toward light

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3
Q

Geotaxis

A

Movement in response to gravity

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4
Q

Phobic Responses

A

Movements away from stimuli

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5
Q

Basic Interaction Types

A

Exploitation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and neutralism

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6
Q

Most Common Mutualistic Interactions

A

Syntrophic assemblages of anoxic microbes,
gut microbes, and nutrient remineralization

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7
Q

Succession and Seasonal Cyclical Change

A

Most marked in wetlands, which are very dynamic systems

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8
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Especially influential in structuring aquatic communities

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9
Q

Characteristic Organisms

A

Inhabit a specific part of a habitat; varies daily and seasonally

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10
Q

Habitats

A

Sometimes defined by the communities that live there, for example, coral reefs, kelp forests, seagrass meadows

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11
Q

Aquatic Diversity

A

Tends to be most diverse in shallow areas; the other notable location is by the hydrothermal vents

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12
Q

Aquatic Decomposers

A

At the greatest abundance in the sediment

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13
Q

Zonation

A

Changes in physical and biological structure of a community, specifically when moving across a landscape // Results from changes in abiotic factors across that landscape

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14
Q

Sub-Tidal Zone

A

Goes up until the low tide mark; for obligate aquatic animals

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15
Q

Inter-Tidal Zone

A

Goes up until high tide mark; species that are adapted to changing water conditions (i.e. exposed to air versus in the water)

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16
Q

Supra-Tidal Zone

A

Animals that are adapted to breath air, because the tides do not really reach there; mostly terrestrial animals

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17
Q

Salt Marsh Zonation

A

Habitats defined by grasses and hedges to those defined by trees and shrubs

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18
Q

Succession

A

Temporal change in community structure; seen in all ecosystems, often the result of a disturbance

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19
Q

Pioneer Species

A

Small size and shorter lived, high growth rates, high dispersal and colonization rates

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20
Q

Late Successional Species

A

Larger and longer lived, slow growth rates, low dispersal and colonization rates

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21
Q

Primary Succession

A

Occurs in an unoccupied area; happening in the Great Garbage Patch, new life forms of bacteria and smaller organisms

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22
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Occurs in previously occupied areas due to disturbance, partial or complete; what is happening in Canada with forest fires

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23
Q

Regime Shift

A

Large and persistent changes in an ecosystem; often results in a less desired ecosystem state

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24
Q

Niche

A

A species’ role in its ecosystem, as defined by the environment in which it persists and the resources it uses

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25
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

Potential niche in absence of interactions

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26
Q

Realized Niche

A

Actual niche due to influence of interactions, so not necessarily the full range, determined by competitive species and other factors

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27
Q

Direct Effect

A

Interactions between two species that do not involve any other species, e.g. what we see in the food web

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28
Q

Indirect Effect

A

Interactions between two species that involve other species, often seen in trophic cascades

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29
Q

Behavior

A

Change in activity based on a response to an external or internal stimulus; all the ways organisms interact with their environment, species, and community

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30
Q

Behavior Types

A

Include instinctual/innate, learned, and abnormal

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31
Q

Intraspecific Interactions

A

Between individuals within the same population, e.g. social behaviors, resource competition, territoriality // Interference versus scramble competition

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32
Q

Interspecific Interactions

A

Between individuals of a different species within a community, e.g. predation, resource competition, mutualism

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33
Q

Reciprocal Effects of Interactions

A

Positive, detrimental, or no effect

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34
Q

Amensalism

A

Detrimental to one species but doesn’t affect the other (e.g. algal blooms and fish)

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35
Q

Commensalism

A

Helps one species while not affecting another species (e.g. clownfish and anemones)

36
Q

Mutualism

A

Mutually beneficial relationship, results in enhanced survival, growth, or reproduction for both species, occurs less often in freshwater, characterized by benefits received, degree of dependency, degree of specificity, and duration of interaction

37
Q

Predation

A

One organism feeds on another organism, typically results in the death of the prey // Carnivory, herbivory, or omnivory // Generalist or specialist

38
Q

Predator Defenses

A

Cryptic coloration, object resemblance, mechanical defenses, behavioral defenses, chemical defenses

39
Q

Diurnal Migration

A

Vertical migration based on the time of day // two hypotheses for why this happens, either for growth rate or predator avoidance

40
Q

Herbivory

A

Type of predation involving consumption of primary producers, so in aquatic organisms, either plant phytoplankton or large plants // Mostly invertebrates eat phytoplankton, and a lot of taxa will eat large plants

41
Q

Searchers

A

Time is spent locating prey, typically generalists and opportunistic

42
Q

Pursuers

A

Time is spent chasing prey, more specialized

43
Q

Ambushers

A

Time is spent waiting for prey, generalists

44
Q

Filter Feeders

A

Filter food from the water, variety of taxa from sponges to whales

45
Q

Deposit Feeders

A

Gather food from the sediment, benthic organisms

46
Q

Deep Diving Taxa

A

For food, refuge, or navigation // Need several adaptations to deal with deep sea

47
Q

Deep Diving Adaptations

A

Temperature regulation, collapsable lungs and air bladders, oxygen storing muscles, ultra sensitive eyes and other sensory appendages

48
Q

Parasitism

A

One species feeds on another without killing it outright, generally during a long duration; thus the other species serves as the habitat

49
Q

Parasitoidism

A

One species feeds on another for a long duration and eventually kills the host

50
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Detrimental to both species, often the result of sharing a limited resource, affects their carrying capacity (K)

51
Q

Carrying Capacity (K)

A

The maximum sustainable population size based on available resources

52
Q

Consumption Interspecific Competition

A

Consuming a shared resource

53
Q

Preemption Interspecific Competition

A

Often with barnacle species, and sessile species, taking a wanted location

54
Q

Overgrowth Interspecific Competition

A

Preventing resource access by growing over another

55
Q

Chemical Interspecific Competition

A

Growth inhibitors or toxins kill/maim another organism

56
Q

Territorial Interspecific Competition

A

Behavioral exclusion from another space

57
Q

Encounter Interspecific Competition

A

Non-territorial interactions still negatively affect species

58
Q

Interspecific Competition Behaviors

A

Encounter, territorial, chemical, overgrowth, preemption, consumption // also the distinction between scramble vs interference

59
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

Two species cannot occupy the same fundamental niche

60
Q

Niche Partitioning

A

Allows the coexistence of species due to different patterns of resource use

61
Q

Keystone Species

A

Substantially impacts the structure of their communities regardless of their population size, removal often results. in loss of diversity, often has a disproportionate effect on the community (larger effect than number of organisms)

62
Q

Ecosystem Engineer

A

Type of keystone species that also alters the structure of their habitat (e.g. beavers)

63
Q

Trophic Cascades

A

Indirect effects in a community, usually triggered by predators, yet can also by initiated by non-predator interactions

64
Q

Types of Trophic Cascades

A

Density-mediated, Trait-mediated and Bottom-up or Top-down

65
Q

Passive suspension feeders

A

collect food by means of morphological structures that protrude into the flow and capture particles

66
Q

what are examples of passive suspension feeders

A

gorgonian corals and sponges

67
Q

Active suspension feeders

A

generate their own water currents to channel and ingest particles

68
Q

what are examples of active suspension feeders

A

polychaete annelids and bivalve mollusks that have ciliary currents to draw particles toward cilia

69
Q

Particle Selectivity by Suspension Feeders

A

can sneeze and what not to remove sand particles or sediment, and can select for nutritionally valuable particles before entering the gut as well

70
Q

How does deposit feeding work in soft sediments

A

deposit-feeding macrobenthic animals ingest sediment and derive nutrition mainly from microalgae and particulate organic matter, can swallow sediment, can gather with tentacles, can siphon sediment grains, etc

71
Q

What is sediment composed of?

A

complex mixture of inorganic material, microorganisms, decomposing organic material, and pore water with dissolved constituents

72
Q

Territoriality

A

the maintenance of a home range that is defended, often INTRAspecific, for feeding, breeding, or nesting

73
Q

How do predators search for prey

A

Can use chemical, mechanical, and visual stimuli, or can lure prey using deceptions

74
Q

What are common stationary predators?

A

sea anemones and other cnidarians

75
Q

What are common mobile predators

A

fishes, starfish, gastropods, birds, crabs

76
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

establishes rules used by predators to optimize their food intake, by max amount of energy gained or min amount of energy used searching

77
Q

Diet-Breadth model

A

more prey, less choosy, lots of prey, select the best

78
Q

Time in patch model

A

the time spent in a patch of prey should increase with an increase of travel time between patches

79
Q

Typical marine organism predator avoidance

A

Crypsis, blending with the background, deceit, escape responses, mimicry

80
Q

Crypsis

A

Blending with the background, a lot of fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods employ chromatophores which are cells that can rapidly alter their color

81
Q

Batesian mimics

A

may be harmless yet resemble a species that is dangerous

82
Q

What marine organisms produce toxic compounds

A

acids by seaweeds or tunicates for example

83
Q

what is an example of mutualism

A

hermit crabs that carry anemones on shells and claws // the crabs can use the stinging tentacles as a threat, and the anemone uses the shell as a substratum

84
Q

What is another remarkable example of mutualism

A

Cleaner shrimp or fishes that pick ectoparasites off fishes, and have reduced predation

85
Q

Ectoparasites

A

live attached to or embedded within gills, body walls, and other surfaces

86
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live within the body and may occupy circulatory vessels or organs and tissues

Life Aquatic (18 decks)

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