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Life Aquatic > Aquatic Diversity and Adaptations > Flashcards

Aquatic Diversity and Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Serial Endosymbiosis Theory

A

The idea that eukaryotic cells formed organelles by ingesting and appropriating bacterial cells

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2
Q

Autotrophic

A

Self-feeding, rely on carbon dioxide as the primary source of carbon to build cells

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3
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Other feeding, acquire carbon for cells from organic carbon

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4
Q

Photoautotrophic

A

Light used as the energy source to obtain organic carbon from CO2

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5
Q

Chemoautotrophic

A

The use of chemical energy to obtain organic carbon from CO2

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6
Q

Saprophytes or Detritivores

A

Heterotrophs that decompose organic carbon

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7
Q

Functional Feeding Groups

A

Classifications used to describe the functional roles of organisms in aquatic food webs // UNLIKE dietary guilds, organisms of the same group do not need to use the same resources

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8
Q

Filterers

A

Organisms that sieve particles from the water column

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9
Q

Passive Filterers

A

Organisms that build nets or have morphological features that filter particles out of flowing waters

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10
Q

Active Filterers

A

Organisms that actively pump water or create currents

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11
Q

Collectors

A

Organisms that acquire their nutrition from small organic particles in the benthos // eat FPOM

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12
Q

Shredders

A

Organisms that break up larger organic materials (like decaying leaves) for their nutrition // eat CPOM

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13
Q

Scrapers

A

Organisms that remove biofilms from hard benthic substrata

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14
Q

Engulfing Predators

A

Organisms that swallow prey whole or bite off chunks

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15
Q

Piercing Predators

A

Organisms that pierce their prey and suck bodily fluids from them

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16
Q

Gougers

A

Invertebrates that burrow into waterlogged limbs and trunks of fallen trees

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17
Q

Grazers/Herbivores

A

Primary consumers that eat algae and plants or sometimes bacteria

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18
Q

Carnivores

A

Secondary consumers that eat other consumers

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19
Q

Top Carnivores, or Apex Predators

A

Consumers that are not eaten by larger animals

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20
Q

Greatest Amount of Metabolic Diversity

A

In Bacteria and Archaea

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21
Q

Greatest Amount of Behavioral and Morphological Diversity

A

In Eukarya

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22
Q

Feeding by Fishes

A

Most fishes feed by means of suction and ram feeding

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23
Q

Suction Feeding

A

The rapid opening and closing of the mouth cavity

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24
Q

Gill Rakers

A

A sieve through which water, but not prey, moves // Used by suction feeders to capture smaller prey like zooplankton

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25
Q

Ram Feeders

A

Often larger carnivorous fish that move forward with open jaws to encounter the prey directly

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26
Q

Continuous Ram Feeders

A

Filter-feeding fishes that strain water as they move through the water

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27
Q

Sensory Perception of Fishes

A

Aided by developments like the lateral-line system or otoliths for hearing

28
Q

Production of Sound

A

Sounds can be produced by muscle vibration against the swim bladder, external body part stridulation, etc

29
Q

Body Temperature of Fishes

A

Endothermic on exception, for tunas, mackerels, thresher sharks, etc

30
Q

Cephalopods

A

Characterized by complex behavior, a well-organized nervous system, a circle of grasping arms, and a powerful beak // All are carnivores

31
Q

Cetacea

A

Mammals, including carnivorous toothed whales (sperm whales and porpoises) and baleen whales (blue and humpback whales)

32
Q

Pinnipeds

A

True seals, eared seals, and walruses, breed on beaches, carnivorous

33
Q

Sea Otters

A

Associated with eastern northern Pacific kelp beds, feed on larger invertebrates such as sea urchins and abalones

34
Q

Seabirds

A

Penguins, petrels, and more, that migrate to maximize use of feeding and nesting areas // long-lived, monogamous, and colonial

35
Q

Shorebirds

A

More dependent on terrestrial sites

36
Q

Eukarya

A

Broad variety of organisms, including protists, fungi, plants, and animals

37
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Such as blue-green algae, a type of autotrophic bacteria, photosynthetic cells or chains of cells

38
Q

What are euglena?

A

Phytoplanktonic protists (eukaryotes)

39
Q

What are ciliates or amoebas?

A

Zooplanktonic protists (eukaryotes)

40
Q

What are seaweeds?

A

Multicellular forms that usually connect to a substratum

41
Q

What are sea grasses?

A

True flowering plants that live in very shallow depths and are strongly light-limited

42
Q

What are sea anemones?

A

Cnidarians

43
Q

What are corals?

A

Cnidarians

44
Q

What are jellyfish?

A

Cnidarians

45
Q

What are cephalopods?

A

Mollusca // Cuttlefish, octopi, squid

46
Q

What are gastropods?

A

Mollusca // Snails, slugs

47
Q

What are bivalves?

A

Mollusca

48
Q

What are the six phyla of invertebrates?

A

Mollusca, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Tunicata, and Sponges

49
Q

What are horseshoe crabs or sea spiders?

A

Arthropoda

50
Q

What are crustaceans?

A

Arthropoda

51
Q

What are sea stars or sea cucumbers?

A

Echinodermata

52
Q

What are sea urchins or sand dollars?

A

Echinodermata

53
Q

What are sea squids?

A

Usually tunicates

54
Q

Ray-Finned Fish

A

Paired fins, bony scales, swim bladder // most common, 96% are teleost, streamlined shape, blood through two chamber heart

55
Q

Lobe-Finned Fish

A

Paired lobe-shaped fins, may have lungs, most are extinct, muscles can make fins flexible for locomotion on land

56
Q

Morphology of Fish

A

Mouth, eye, gill slit, pectoral fins (on the side), pelvic fins (slightly underneath), scales, dorsal fin (on top), caudal (tail) fin

57
Q

Physiology of Fish

A

Kidney, Gills, Heart, Air bladder

58
Q

Swim Bladder

A

Gas-filled organ in the dorsal area of fish, has a function in maintaining buoyancy, but it is also involved in respiration, sound production, and possibly perception of pressure fluctuations

59
Q

Fish Gills/Heart

A

Works by countercurrent circulation which is meant to maximize the amount of oxygen the blood can pick up, the heart is near the gills

60
Q

What are frogs and salamanders?

A

Amphibia

61
Q

What are turtles?

A

Reptilia

62
Q

What are crocodiles and alligators?

A

Reptilia

63
Q

What are snakes and lizards?

A

Reptilia

64
Q

What are solely marine phyla?

A

Tunicata and Echinodermata

65
Q

What are solely freshwater phyla?

A

Amphibia

Life Aquatic (18 decks)

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