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sfm > Life at a Cellular Level > Flashcards

Life at a Cellular Level Flashcards

1
Q

How do energy transformations in general affect overall entropy?

A

Energy transformations ultimately lead to increased entropy in the universe

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2
Q

How come processes in living organisms that increase order dont actually decrease entropy?

A

Although the processes create more order, the heat released increases overall entropy

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3
Q

Define a dynamic steady state?

A

A continuous state of materials being supplied & waste removed.
In terms of bio reaction pathways, products from one are used in the next pathway & so never allowed to reach equilibrium.

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4
Q

Define Metabolism:

A

Chemical processes in a living organism that allow food to be used for growth

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5
Q

Define Anabolism:

A

Non-spontaneous reactions, i,e, occur with a +ve delta-G value

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6
Q

Define Catabolism?

A

Spontaenous reactions. I.e. occur with a -ve delta-G value

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7
Q

How are catabolic & anabolicreactions related?

A

Energy produced in catabolic is used in anabolic

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8
Q

What is ATP/ADP?

A

A free energy carrier

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9
Q

What does ATP/ADP do?

A

Couples anabolic & catabolic reactions through the movement of energy by phosphate group transfers

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10
Q

NAme the 10 major elements in humans?

A 
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Sodium
Potassium
Sulphur
Phosphorous
Chlorine
Calcium
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11
Q

What are functional groups important?

A

They determine how a molecule acts with others.

E.g. OH lets H bonds & water-solubility. S groups allows di-sulphide bridges

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12
Q

Define configuration of a molecule?

A

Fixed arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

E.g. Cis & trans

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13
Q

Define Conformation of a molecule?

A

Precise not fixed arrangement of atoms in a molecule. (those with free rotation etc)

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14
Q

List the 5 types of chemical ractions that occur in living organisms:

A
  • Redox Reactions
  • C-C bonds makin/brakin
  • Internal rearrangements
  • Group transfers
  • Condensation/Hydrolysis
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15
Q

Example of redox reaction:

A

Glucose->pyruvate->lactate

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16
Q

Example of Internal reaarangement:

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate -> Fructose-6-Phosphate

part of glycolysis

17
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The organelles & fluid of the cytoplasm

18
Q

What do nucleoli do?

A

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis & ribosomal assembly

19
Q

What does the Smooth ER do?

A

Synthesises lipids, membranes & repairs them.

20
Q

How many subunits make up a ribosome?

A

2

21
Q

What does the golgi apparatus synthesise?

A

Complex polysaccharides

22
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Contain:=

  • Catalases that regulate Hydrogen Peroxide conc.
  • Oxidases that do the first part of long chain FA beta-oxidation
23
Q

Whats the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Provide strength & support whilst still allowing for cell motility

24
Q

What 2 things make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments

Microtubules

25
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Fine actin strands

Components of cytoskeleton

26
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Components of cytoskeleton

27
Q

What other things do microfilaments/tubules do?

A
  • Microfilaments form microvilli in small intestine

- 9 pairs of Microtubules form cilia

28
Q

Whats the flagellum?

A

Thin threadlike appendages on cells that allow for movement

29
Q

Define a hydrogen bond?

A

A special bond between an electronegative atom (usually N or O) and an electropsositve H.
The H must be attached to an electronegative atom already

30
Q

How are H bonds involved in water solubility?

A

The solute-solute H bond & water-water H bond are replaced by water-solute H bonds

31
Q

Are uncharged molecules water soluble?

A

No

32
Q

How do uncharged molecules arrange in water?

A

So as to minimise disruption to water molecules, forming ‘cages’

33
Q

Define Ampithatic?

A

Contains both hydrophobic & hydrophilic parts.

34
Q

Example of ampithatic molecules?

A

Phospholipids have hydrophilic phosphate heads & hydrophobic FA tails

35
Q

How do phospholipids arrange in water to minimise disruption?

A

Into bilayers or round micelles which distance the hydrophobic end from the water molecules.

36
Q

What is pH?

A

proton conc.

pH = -log[H+]

37
Q

Henderson-Hasselbach equation:

A

pH = pKa + log [conjugate base]/[acid]

38
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A weak acid solution which maintains pH despite having acid/alkali added

39
Q

What do NAD, NADH & FAD do?

A

Act as electron carriers in redox reactions

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