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Science for Medicine Ellen > Life at a Cellular Level > Flashcards

Life at a Cellular Level Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what is the role of the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA
Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
‘Control centre’ of cell

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2
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what is the role of the mitochondria?

A

Site of ATP production

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3
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what is the role of lysosomes?

A

Used to separate enzymes from the rest of the cell to prevent the cell digesting itself

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4
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what is the role of the ER?

A

Rough ER is site of protein synthesis

Smooth ER allows breakdown of substances

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5
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what is the role of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modification and Packaging of proteins into lysosomes

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6
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what is the role of the nucleolus?

A

Site of ribosomal RN synthesis and ribosomal activity

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7
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton filament?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate Filaments
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8
Q

What is the role of microfilaments?

A

Made up of Actin

Involved in movement

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9
Q

What is the role of microtubules?

A

Made up of Tubulin
Holds contents of cell in place
Make up cilia and flagella

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10
Q

What is the role of intermediate filaments?

A

Holds contents of cell in place

Linked to mytosis

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11
Q

What is the role of peroxisomes?

A

Involved in the metabolism of very long fatty acid chains

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12
Q

What are the 5 chemical reactions of living things?

A
  1. Redox reactions
  2. Making and breaking C-C bonds
  3. Internal rearrangements
  4. Hydrolysis and Condensation
  5. Group tranfers
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13
Q

What two laws govern energy changes?

A
  1. Energy can neither be created or destroyed but only transform from one form to another (Total energy of closed system is constant)
  2. All energy transformations lead to increased entropy/ disorder.
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14
Q

What is Gibbs Free Energy equation?

A 
G= H- TS
G= Free Energy
H= Enthalpy
T= Absolute temperature
S= Entropy
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15
Q

Using Gibbs Free Energy equation, how could you know if a reaction will occur?

A

A reaction will be spontaneous if delta G< 0

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16
Q

What process allows thermodynamically unfavourable reaction to occur?

A

Energy coupling

17
Q

What is meant by the term metabolism?

A

The chemical process in living organism by which food is used for tissue growth

18
Q

What is meant by the term anabolism?

A

Reactions in which larger molecules are created from smaller ones
These reactions require energy

19
Q

What is meant by the term catabolism?

A

Reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
These reactions release energy

20
Q

How is water polar?

A

More electronegative oxygen attracts a greater share of the bonding electrons, giving it a slightly negative charge with respect to the hydrogens it is attached to.

21
Q

What is meant by the term ‘amphipathic’?

A

A molecule containing a hydrophilic and hydrophobic group (e.g. phospholipids)

22
Q

What structures do phospholipids form in water?

A

Micelles/ Bilayers

23
Q

What is the numerical value for the Kw of water?

A

1x10^14

24
Q

How do you calculate pH of a substance?

A

pH= -log[H]

25
Q

What defines the strength of an acid?

A

Its tendency to lose a proton

26
Q

What type of acid is required to create a buffer solution

A

A weak acid

27
Q

What buffer system acts in the cells of the body?

A

Phosphate buffer system

H2PO4 H+ + HPO4-

28
Q

What buffer system acts in the blood plasma?

A

Carbonate buffer system

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

29
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

A

pH= pKa + log [A-]/ [HA]

30
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Junctions creating a physical barrier to diffusion across layers of cells

31
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Junctions linking keratin filaments from two different cells

32
Q

What are adherens?

A

Junctions linking actin filaments from two different cells

33
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Junctions forming channels to link the cytoplasm of two different cells. Allow cell to cell communication.

34
Q

What type of amino acids are all proteins made from?

A

L amino acids

Science for Medicine Ellen (22 decks)

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