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Science for Medicine Ellen > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the immunological role of mucus membranes?

A

Prevents attachment of pathogens

Continuously shedded to remove any pathogens which do attach

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2
Q

Describe the innate immune system?

A

Non specific- Will produce the same response time and again to invading pathogens

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3
Q

Describe the adaptive immune system?

A

Highly specific; Exhibits immunological memory; Involves antibody production

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4
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

A

Phagocyte surrounds and engulfs pathogen
Encloses pathogen in phagosome
Phagosome fuses with lysosome
Lysosome releases cocktail of hydrolytic enzymes onto pathogen
Pathogen is digested
Remains often ‘burped’ out and acts as signal to other immune cells.

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5
Q

What leukocytes are phagocytic?

A

Macrophages (and so monocytes), Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils).

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6
Q

What causes redness upon injury?

A

Macrophages release chemical signals to other cells when they encounter a pathogen. (This signal alerts cells of the invasion) These chemicals often restrict blood flow away from the site of injury, causing redness.

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7
Q

What are the 3 active complement pathways called?

A

Classical, Alternative and Lectin

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8
Q

Why can the complement system be considered innate?

A

It does not change over time

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9
Q

What is the argument for the complement system possibly not being part of the innate immune system.

A

It can be brought into action by the adaptive immune system

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10
Q

What shared outcome do all three complement pathways have?

A

Lysis of the target cell and/ or making pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis.

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11
Q

Brief overview of complement process..?

A

About 20 individual proteins working together in an enzyme cascade to form a membrane attack complex which basically punches a hole in the pathogen, preventing it maintaining homeostasis- It dies

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12
Q

What is the most common complement protein?

A

C3

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13
Q

Which complement pathway(s) is/are effector mechanisms of the innate immune system?

A

Alternative and Lectin

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14
Q

Which complement pathway(s) is/are effector mechanisms of the adaptive immune system

A

Classical

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15
Q

What is MAC?

A

Complement legions in the membrane of erythrocytes, formed by poly C9

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16
Q

How do Natural Killer cells destroy cells?

A
  1. Secrete perforin onto a cell to bore holes in it, creating a MAC. Enzymes then secreted which enter cell via hole, causing cell to commit suicide.
  2. Use of FasL protein to connect with Fas protein on target cell, giving target cell the signal to commit suicide.
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17
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemicals used by cells to communicate with other cells.

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18
Q

What are the functions of complement? (4)

A
  1. Lysis of Pathogens
  2. Stimulates phagocytosis of microbes
  3. Stimulates inflammation by activating mast cells and neutrophils
  4. Stimulates activation of B cells and antibody production
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19
Q

Describe autocrine action of cytokines?

A

Cell using cytokines for self stimulation

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20
Q

Describe paracrine action of cytokines?

A

Cell using cytokines to stimulate another (local) cell.

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21
Q

Describe endocrine action of cytokines?

A

Cell releasing cytokines into the circulatory system to stimulate another (distant) cell

22
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drainage of tissue
  2. Absorption/ transport of fats/ fatty acids to circulatory system
  3. Immunity
23
Q

How is lymph formed?

A

ISF entering channels of lymphatic system

24
Q

How is lymph moved around the system?

A

Contractions of the skeletal muscles

25
Q

Name the sight of blood production

A

Bone marrow

26
Q

Examples of secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes; Spleen; Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

27
Q

What is the role of secondary lymphoid organs in immunity?

A

These are the sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens

28
Q

Examples of primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and Thymus

29
Q

What is the role of primary lymphoid organs in immunity?

A

Where B and T lymphocytes are produced and receive their early training.

30
Q

What is one secondary lymphoid organ d=feature which the spleen lacks?

A

High Endothelial Venules

31
Q

What are High Endothelial Venules?

A

Doorway to which B and T cells enter secondary lymphoid organ from the blood.

32
Q

How do antigens gain access to Peyer’s Patch (MALT)?

A

Presence of M cells

These M cells use endosomes to transport antigens from the intestinal lumen into the Peyer’s Patch.

33
Q

What is the role of T cells?

A

Cell mediated immunity

Assisting B cells

34
Q

What is the role of CD4+ T cells?

A

Assisting B cells

35
Q

What is the role of CD8+ T cells?

A

To destroy invading cells- They are cytotoxic to cells

36
Q

What is the role of MHC Class I?

A

Presents ‘virtually induced’ peptides to CD8+ T cells to produce cytotoxic response.

37
Q

How do Cytotoxic T cells work?

A

Release perforin to form pores in target cell

Secretes Granzyme B onto pores on target cell which enter and induce cell apoptosis.

38
Q

How do memory B cells work?

A

Once sensitised to particular antigen, if presented with same antigen again, will release antibodies that bind to it with greater affinity.

39
Q

How do memory T cells work?

A

Once sensitised to particular antigen, if presented with same antigen again, will react much more quickly.

40
Q

In terms of lymphocytes, what does the term naïve mean?

A

The lymphocytes have not yet been in contact with a particular antigen and are, therefore, immunologically inexperienced.

41
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

Infection occurs and lymphocytes are activated by antigens on the surface of pathogens. Own antibodies produced.

42
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Mother passes antibodies to child via placenta or colostrum

43
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Antibodies injected from another source, no memory cells produced. This is used as an emergency response to a fatal disease- E.g. a tetanus shot

44
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Injection or swallowing of modified antigens to stimulate lymphocyte cells without the risk of infection. Own antibodies and memory cells produced. This is the idea of a vaccination.

45
Q

What is the difference between B cells and plasma cells?

A

B cells mature into plasma cells which are then responsible for antibody production.

46
Q

Define antigen

A

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response

47
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

Light chain (either lambda or kappa) and longer heavy chain
Antigen binding site and FC site
Contains disulphide bond

48
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibody?

A

IgG; IgA; IgM; IgE; IgD

49
Q

What is the role of IgG?

A

Makes cells more susceptible to phagocytosis (opsonizer)

50
Q

What is the role of IgA?

A

Protects mucosal surfaces, resistant to stomach acid

51
Q

What is the role of IgM?

A

Promotes compliment and phagocytosis

52
Q

What is the role of IgE?

A

Defends against parasites, causes allergies and anaphylactic shock

Science for Medicine Ellen (22 decks)

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