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Science for Medicine Ellen > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage
Structural and protective
Cell- cell recognition

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2
Q

What are the three main monosaccharides in human biochemistry?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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3
Q

What are the three main disaccharides in human biochemistry?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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4
Q

What are the two glucose polymers contained in starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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5
Q

What is the difference between Amylose and Amylopectin?

A

Amylose is a straight chain molecule, containing only alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin is a branched molecule, containing alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Glycogen is an extensively branched polymer of glucose, containing alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

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7
Q

Does Starch have more reducing ends or non- reducing ends? Why?

A

It has more non- reducing ends which can be reacted with.

This allows it to be hydrolysed rapidly into monomers to be utilised by the body,

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8
Q

Why is Glucose stored as Starch in the body?

A

Compactness

Will not affect osmotic pressure, as insoluble starch is not in solution

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9
Q

What is the difference between glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

Proteoglycans have a greater quantity of carbohydrate than protein.
Glycoproteins have greater quantity of protein than carbohydrate.

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10
Q

What is the role of cellulose and hemicellulose?

A

Increase faecal bulk and reduce transit time

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11
Q

How is glycogen degraded?

A

Glucose residues broken off glycogen one by one using Glycogen phosophorylase to yield G-1-P.
Transferase activity of enzyme near branching point breaks off 3 glucose residues and reattaches them to the nearest non-reducing end via alpha 1-4 glyosidic bonds.

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12
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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13
Q

How is ATP yielded in Glycolysis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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14
Q

What are the substrate level phosphorylation reactions of glycolysis?

A

1,3- Bisphosphoglycerate +ADP -> ATP + 3- Phosphoglycerate

Phosphophenolpyruvte + ADP -> ATP + pyruvate

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15
Q

In what reaction is the catalyst glyceraldehyde-3-phoshpate dehydrogenase used?

A

Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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16
Q

What two products is fructose-1,6- bisphosphate cleaved into using fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase?

A

Dihydroxycetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

17
Q

In what reaction is the catalyst phosphoglycerate mutase used?

A

Conversion of 3- Phosphoglycerate to 2- Phosphoglycerate

18
Q

What catalyst is used to convert glucose-6- Phosphate to fructose- 6- phosphate?

A

Phosphohexose Isomerase

19
Q

What enzyme is used to cleave fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in step 4 of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase

20
Q

What catalyst is used in the conversion of 2- Phosphoglycerate to phosphophenol pyruvate?

A

Enolase

21
Q

What is the product when fructose- 6- phosphate is reacted with enzyme phosphofructokinase?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

22
Q

What happens to lactate produced from anaerobic respiration?

A

Converted to Glucose in gluconeogenesis in liver

23
Q

If conditions are anaerobic, what happens to pyruvate produced from glycolysis?

A

Reduced to lactate

This is driven by oxidation of NADH- so also replenishing NAD+ stores for continued glycolysis

24
Q

What catalyst is used to convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

A

Triose phosphate isomerase

25
Q

What happens to pyruvate produced from glycolysis in aerobic conditions?

A

Oxidised to Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria using pyruvate dehydrogenase- reducing NAD+ to NADH in the process.

26
Q

In what part of the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

27
Q

Which 3 Glycolysis pathways are irreversible?

A

Glucose + ATP -> Glucose-6-phosp. + ADP
Fructose-6-Phosphate + ATP -> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP
Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP -> Pyruvate + ATP

28
Q

Where does the final step of gluconeogenesis to create free glucose occur?

A

Lumen of the ER

29
Q

What are the functions of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Produce NADPH
Produce pentose (5C) sugars
Metabolises the small amount of pentose sugars in the diet.

Science for Medicine Ellen (22 decks)

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