Levers, Planes and Axis Flashcards
Saggital Plane
Cuts the body into left and right
Forward and backwards movement
Flexion and extension
Transverse Plane
Cuts the body into top half and bottom half
Side to side movement
Rotation
Frontal Plane
Cuts the body into front and back
Abduction and adduction
Example of saggital Plane
Sprinting
Long jump
Forward roll
Somersault
Example of transverse
Ice skating spin
Throwing discus or hammer
Example of frontal
Star jumps
Cartwheel
Axis
A straight line around which the body rotates. Movement take place at a joint and movements at a joint are simply rotations.
Transverse axis
Passes horizontally through the hips from left to right
Saggital plane
Saggital axis
Passes horizontally through the stomach from back to front
Frontal plane
Longitudinal axis
Passes vertically from the top of the body to the feet
Transverse axis
Fulcrum
The fixed part of the lever system that pivots. Joints
Load
The weight that the lever must have. This works against the force of the effort
Effort
The force applied to move the load/resistance.
In the body the effort is applied but the muscles exerting a force
First class lever system
Fulcrum in the middle Can be found in the elbow joint during extension Fulcrum is the elbow joint Load is the hand Effort is trice
Second class lever
Load is in the middle Found at the ankle joint during plantar flexion Fulcrum is the ball of foot Load is the body weight Effort is the gastrocnemius
Third class lever system
Effort is in the middle Every other joint except- elbow extension and ankle plantar flexion Bicep curl Fulcrum elbow joint (flexion) Load - weight Effort - bicep
Mechanical advantage
Effort arm / load-resistance arm
Effort arm
Distance from the effort to the fulcrum
Load/resistance arm
Distance from load to fulcrum
Benefits of 2nd class levers
Can move large loads with low effort
Benefits of 3 pro and 1st class levers
Increases range of movement
Increases speed of movement
If the mechanical advantage is smaller than 1 =
1st is 3rd class levers
If the mechanical advantage is above 1 =
2nd class lever
Plane - axis - movement- Example
Saggital
Sagittal - transverse - flexion/extension - running or front somersault
Plane - axis - movement- Example
Frontal
Frontal- sagittal - abduction/adduction - cartwheel
Plane - axis - movement- Example
Transverse
Transverse - longitudinal - rotation - discus throw, 360 twist or ice skating spin
