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PE Daisy > Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The structure of the skeleton

What does it provide?

A

A framework for the muscles to produce movement

A point for muscles - where muscles contract they pull bones to create movement

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2
Q

Flat bones

A

Are often large and usually protect vital organs

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3
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Pelvis and cranium

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4
Q

Long bones

A

Enable gross large movement

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5
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Tibia
Fibia
Femur

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6
Q

Short bones

A

Enable finer controlled movement

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7
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Tallus

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8
Q

Irregular bones

A

Are specifically shaped to protect

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9
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

The vertebrae designed to protect the spinal cord

And Patella

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10
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A 
Support
Protection of vital organs 
Movement 
Structural shape
Blood cell production 
Storage of minerals
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11
Q

function of the skeleton: support

A

Rigid bones keep us upright and hold the rest of the body in place

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12
Q

function of the skeleton: protection of vital organs

A

Flat bones enclose and protect vital organs

Eg the brain is inside the cranium and the ribs protect the lungs and heart

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13
Q

function of the skeleton: movement

A

Bones provide anchor points for muscles; bones work as leavers to allow movement

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14
Q

function of the skeleton: structural shape

A

Bones give us our general shape, such as our shape and build

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15
Q

function of the skeleton: blood cell production

A

The inner marrow of long bones and ribs produce red and white blood cells

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16
Q

function of the skeleton: storage of minerals

A

Bones store calcium and phosphorus

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17
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones meet to allow movement

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18
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Shoulder, knee, hip, elbow and ankle

Hinge and ball and socket

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19
Q

Tendons

A

Very strong non elastic cords that join muscle to bone

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20
Q

Bursae

A

A sac filled with liquid that floats inside the joint

Reduces friction between tendons and bones

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21
Q

Cartilage

A

Preventing bones rubbing to together - shock absorber

Prevents friction as it cover the end of the bone

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22
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Clear and slippered liquid that lubricates the joint and stops the bones rubbing together

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23
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone

Keeping the joints stable by restricting movement

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24
Q

Synovial membrane

A

The lining inside the joint capsule that releases synovial fluid

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25
Q

Joint capsule

A

Tissue that stops the synovial fluid from escaping and supports and holds the bones together

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26
Q

Shoulder joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements

A

Humerus and scapula
Ball and socket
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction , rotation

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27
Q

Elbow joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements

A

Humerus and ulna and radius
Hinge joint
Flexion and extension

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28
Q

Knee joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements

A

Femur , tibia and Patella
Hinge joint
Flexion and extension

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29
Q

Hip joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements

A

Femur and pelvis
Ball and socket
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

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30
Q

Ankle joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements

A

Tibia talus fibula
Hinge joint
Plantar flexion, dorsi flexion

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31
Q

Flexion

A

Movement where the angle between the bones decrease

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32
Q

Extension

A

Movement where the angle between the bones increase

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33
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Movement that describes the pointing of the foot towards the ground

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34
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Movement that involves the movement of the foot away from the ground

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35
Q

Abduction

A

Movement where limbs are moved away from the body

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36
Q

Adduction

A

Movement where limbs are moved backwards towards the body

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37
Q

Rotation

A

Turning a limb along its axis

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38
Q

Prime mover or agonist

A

The muscle that contracts to create movement

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39
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that relaxes

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40
Q

Antagonistic pair at the elbow joint

A

Bicep and tricep

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41
Q

Antagonistic pair at the hip joint

A

Hip flexors and gluteals

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42
Q

Antagonistic pair at the knee joint

A

Hamstring and quadriceps

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43
Q

Isometric contractions

Example

A

Where the muscle stays at the same length- starting position for a sprinter

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44
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Occur when the muscle changes length when it contracts causing a movement of a body part

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45
Q

Concentric isotonic contractions

A

Occur when the muscles shortens as it contracts

Any movement that is moving upwards is concentric

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46
Q

Eccentric isotonic contractions

A

Occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts

Any movement that is moving downwards is eccentric

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47
Q

Mouth or nose

A

External openings to the respiratory system

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48
Q

Trachea

A

Inner surfaces is covered with cilia -thin film that catches dust particles
Kept open by rings of cartilage

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49
Q

Bronchi

A

Two- go into left and right lung

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50
Q

Lungs

A

Large and spongy

Optimised for gas exchange

51
Q

Bronchioles

A

Very narrow - less than 1mm thick

52
Q

Alveoli

A

Lots of them branching off bronchioles

Many air sacs for gas exchange

53
Q

Features of alveoli- very small but lots of them

A

Large surface area for gas exchange

54
Q

Features of alveoli- layer of moisture in the walls

A

Makes gas exchange more efficient

55
Q

Features of alveoli- walls of alveoli and capillaries are thin

A

Short diffusion pathway

56
Q

Features of alveoli- surrounded by a network of capillaries

A

Rich and large supply of blood allows more gas exchange to happen

57
Q

Gas exchange

A

The process of diffusion where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged into the blood and lungs

58
Q

Oxygen - concentration gradient

A

High concentration comes from the air to the alveoli and to a low concentration in the blood

59
Q

Carbon dioxide - concentration book

A

High concentration in the blood from working muscles to a low concentration in the alveoli

60
Q

Haemoglobin

A

A protein and red pigment found in red blood cells that transports round oxygen and carbon dioxide

61
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

When oxygen diffuses into red blood cells it combines to haemoglobin making haemoglobin

62
Q

Gaseous exchange - 1

A

Oxygen breathed goes to alveoli and into the red blood cells in capillary

63
Q

Gaseous exchange- 2

A

Oxygen combines to make oxyhemoglobin and is carried round the body

64
Q

Gaseous exchange 3

A

At the same time, haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from body to capillaries

65
Q

Gaseous exchange 4

A

Carbon dioxide passes through alveoli and is breathed out

66
Q

Inspiration - at rest

A

Diaphragm-contracts which cause it to flatten
Intercostal muscles - contract causing the ribs to lift upwards and outwards
Chest cavity - increases in size which causes the air pressure to reduce and causes air to be sucked into lungs

67
Q

Expiration - at rest

A

Expulsion of air from lungs caused by reducing volume of chest cavity
Diaphragm - relaxes causing it to turn into its normal shape
Intercostal - relax lowering the ribs and making the chest cavity smaller
-causes an increase in the pressure of air in the lungs which forces the air out

68
Q

Inspiration - during exercise

A

Sternocleidomastoid and pectorals - contract and help to raise the sternum
Chest cavity - increases in size which allows the lungs to expand to allow more air in

69
Q

Expiration - during exercise

A

Abdominal - contract and pull the rib cage down

This helps force the air out of the lungs to speed up expiration

70
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of extra air that can be inspired during a deep breath

71
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air taken in or out with each breath

72
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration

73
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of extra air that can be expired during forceful breath out

74
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation

75
Q

Tidal volume - exercise

A

Increases as you take deeper breaths in and out

Peaks are high, dips are low

76
Q

Breathing rate- exercise

A

Increases as you take more breaths per minute

Peaks are closer together

77
Q

Arteries

A 
Thick muscle 
Small lumen 
Carries red oxygenated blood 
Has a pulse
Stretches as blood surges
78
Q

Veins

A 
Thick walls and muscle 
Large lumen 
No stretch, no pulse 
Valve for the heart 
Carries deoxygenated blood
79
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin walls
Link arteries and veins
Diffusion - gas exchange
Very narrow

80
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increasing the diameter of an artery to increase blood flow to working muscle

81
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decreasing the diameter of an artery to decrease blood flow to non essential areas of the body

82
Q

Diastole -what is the heart doing?

Oxy and deoxy

A

The heart is filling with blood - relaxing
Atria and ventricles reflex and valves are open
Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium
Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium

83
Q

Systole - what is the heart doing?

What happens during this process?

A

The heart emptying - the heart is contracting
Right atrioventricular valve is forced closed - prevents backflow
RV contracts and forces blood out by pulmonary artery -lungs
LA empties into LV
LeftATV is forced closed - LV contracts forces blood out into aorta -body

84
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of beats per minute

85
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle if the heart per minute

86
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out if the left ventricle per beat

87
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Cardiac output = stoke volume x heart rate

88
Q

What happens to the heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output when you start to exercise?

A

Cardiac output increases because an increase in the heart rate causes an increase in the volume of blood released into the body

89
Q

What happens to your heart rate as you stop exercise?

A

Heart rate remains elevated and reduced slowly to allow recovery to take place

90
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Relies on energy produced in the presence of oxygen

91
Q

Aerobic exercise is different to anaerobic exercise because …

A

Aerobic exercise can be maintained for a long period of time

60-80% of maximal heart rate is your aerobic training zone

92
Q

Who would use aerobic respiration?

A

Marathon runner, endurance cyclist

93
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water

94
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

Producing energy with the absence of oxygen during high intensity, short burst exercise
80-90% of maximal heart rate is your anaerobic training zone

95
Q

Anaerobic equation

A

Glucose — energy + lactic acid

96
Q

Who would use anaerobic exercise?

A

100m spring

Counter attack in football, basketball, hockey

97
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Oxygen debt is the temporary oxygen short in the body due to strenuous exercise

98
Q

What is epoc?

A

Amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise
It is characterised by an increased breathing rate and deeper breathing
Epoc replenishes the body with oxygen
The lactic acid is converted into glucose, water and carbon dioxide

99
Q

Anaerobic epoc?

A

More lactic acid produced
More oxygen debt to repay
Takes longer to get rid of lactic acid

100
Q

What is a cool down?

A

It helps maintain a increased breathing rate and blood flow
Helps decrease the body temp and remove lactic acid
Assist the recovery as extra oxygen is required for the body to return to its ore exercise state

101
Q

Advantages of of a cool down

A 
Reduces delayed onset muscle soreness 
Stops dizziness 
Easy to complete 
No equipment 
Aids clearing of waste products
102
Q

Stretching

A

A thorough full body stretch will aid the removal of lactic acid and reduces stiffness and soreness left post exercise

103
Q

Stretching advantages

A

Reduces Dom’s
Easy to complete
No equipment
Aids the clearing of the waste products

104
Q

Stretching disadvantages

A

Boring

Make sure you don’t over stretch

105
Q

Drinking water

A

Water and electrolyte balance should be restored after exercise
Water is responsible for transporting nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body

106
Q

Rehydration and glycogen stores replenished

A

Eating a high carbohydrates meal will speed up the glycogen replacement and replenish energy stores.

107
Q

Advantages of drinking water

A

Replaces electrolytes and glucose very easily

108
Q

Disadvantages of drinking water

A

Can cause weight gain if strenuous exercise has not taken place

109
Q

Ice baths

A

Get into it for 20mins - the cold water causes the blood vessels to vasoconstrict to tighten and drain the blood out of the legs

110
Q

Advantages of ice baths

A

Simplistic and quick

Large group of muscles submerged at one time

111
Q

Ice baths disadvantages

A

Not nice to do - cold
May not be easily available
Achieve the same results by doing a cool down or stretching

112
Q

Immediate effects of exercise - hot and sweaty

A

Red skin is a sign the body makes to the reaction of exercise
It helps us to regulate our core temp by cooling us down
Sweat evaporates off the skin and vasodilation occurs for heat to be lost through radiation

113
Q

Immediate effects of exercise - heart rate

A

Increased heart rate - beats with a greater force - increases stroke volume
Muscles require more oxygen to continue to work effectively

114
Q

Immediate effects of exercise - increase in depth and frequency of breathing

A

Cause an increase in breathing - tidal volume

This allows more gaseous exchange to occur

115
Q

Short term effects of exercise - 24hrs -36hrs

A

Tiredness and fatigue

116
Q

Short term effects of exercise - light headedness

A

Feeling faint or dizzy which is normally due to over exertion
Often a person blood sugar levels and blood pressure will have dropped

117
Q

Short term effects of exercise - nausea

A

Feeling sick or vomiting which could occur during and after exercise
Main cause is over exertion during exercise or stopping quickly- heavy exercise causes blood to be taken away from the stomach which causes nausea

118
Q

Short term effects of exercise - Dom’s

A

As a result individuals may experience tender and painful muscles
Muscle soreness is a result of structural tears to the muscle fibres - allows muscles to repair stronger

119
Q

Short term effects of exercise - cramp

A

Involuntary and painful contractions of the muscles from fatigue or strain of the muscle fibres - dehydration - loss of mineral from sweating

120
Q

Long term effects of exercise - hypertrophy

A

Increase the size of the heart - the cardiac muscle in a trained athlete is larger and stronger - each beat forces out a larger amount of blood than a normal heart - Hypertrophy

121
Q

Long term effect of exercise - bradycardia

A

Decreased resting heart rate

Increase heart size means it takes less beats per minute to supply the body with enough oxygen at rest

122
Q

Long term effects of exercise - improvements to components of fitness

A

Improvements to muscular strength, endurance , speed, cardiovascular endurance and stamina all take months to develop

123
Q

Long term effects of exercise - body adaptions

A

Improved body shape
Increased muscular endurance due to increased number of mitochondria
Improved suppleness
Increased size and strength of muscles - hypertrophy

PE Daisy (9 decks)

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