Letter Characteristics with Opposites

Question 1

The characteristic الصفة and Its opposite ضدها

Answer 1

whisper الهمس vs appearance الجهر

harshness الشدة vs in between البينية vs softness الرخاوة

elevation الاستعلاء vs lowering الاستفال

adhesion الإطباق vs opening الانفتاح

Question 2

الهمس و الجهر

Answer 2

whisper and appearance

passage and stoppage of breath

The letters of whisper (10):
فحثه شخص سكت

The letters of appearance (19):
the rest of the letters

Question 3

الهمس

Answer 3

concealment in hearing due to the opening of the vocal cords and the lack of their vibration and the passage of a large amount of breath flow

Question 4

الجهر

Answer 4

the clarity in hearing due to the closing of the vocal
cords and their vibration and the blocking of the
breath flow

Question 5

الشدة و الرخاوة و البينية

Answer 5

strength & softness & in between

passage of sound in articulation point

The Harsh Letters (8):
أجد قط بكت

The letters of in between (5):
لن عمر

The Soft Letters (16):
the rest of the letters

Question 6

الشدة

Answer 6

the blocking of the flow of the sound when pronouncing the harsh letter due to the closing of its articulation point

Question 7

The harsh letters: categories

Answer 7

Whispered
ك ت

apparent
قُطْبُ جَ د + ء

Question 8

release of the sound after its blocking in

the strong letter

Answer 8

the pressure of the blocked sound behind the articulation point and its departure, both determine the nature of the sound

Question 9

release of the breath after the blocking of the

sound in the harsh whispered letter

Answer 9

that is in : ك ، ت

Question 10

The strength and the whisper in ك ، ت ,are two characteristics that come in order.

Answer 10

these 2 letters are strong in the beginning, whispered in the end

Question 11

softness الرخاوة

Answer 11

the complete continuation of the sound of the soft letter when it passes through its articulation point

Question 12

البينية

Answer 12

the partial continuation of the sound when it passes through the articulation point of the letter, due to the lack of its perfect/full closure

Question 13

moderation in ل

Answer 13

partial continuation of the sound when

pronouncing ل because of the presence of the tip of the tongue in the sound’s exit

Question 14

moderation in ر

Answer 14

partial continuation of the sound when pronouncing ر because the presence of the tip of the
tongue in its exit

Question 15

moderation in ن ، م

Answer 15

partial continuation of the sound when pronouncing ن

and م because the opening of the nasal part, and the closing of the mouth part

Question 16

moderation in ع

Answer 16

the partial continuation of the sound when pronouncing ع because of this organ receding to the back

Question 17

Measuring the timing of the letters

Answer 17

The letters with sukoon- their timing is proportional to the continuity of their sound

The letters with harakah are equal in timing

Question 18

Timing mistakes that occur when pronouncing the letters with harakah

Answer 18

1-prolonging the timing of the letter with harakah compared to its adjacent letters, is a mistake in reading called Tamteet تمطيط

2-shortening the timing of the letter with harakah compared to its adjacent letters, is a mistake in reading called Ikhtilas اختلاس ,

Question 19

Measuring of the Timing of the letters with sukoon

Answer 19

1- soft letters timing longer than moderate letters
2- moderate letters timing longer than strong letters
3- letters with sukoon timing relative to recitation speed

Question 20

heaviness and lightness الاستعلاء و الاستفال

Answer 20

direction of sound

Light
The sound is not elevated to the upper palate
The rest of the letters

sometimes heavy: (ا ، ل ، ر )

Heavy
The sound is elevated to the upper palate
خُصَّ ضَغْطٍّ قِظْ

Question 21

Heaviness

Answer 21

thickness in the letter, so the mouth is filled with its echo, and that is due to the tightening of the throat and the elevating of the sound of the letter to the roof of the palate.

Question 22

lightness

Answer 22

thinning of the letter, so the mouth is not filled with its echo,
and that is due to the lack of tightening of the
throat and the lowering
of the sound of the
letter.

Question 23

Degrees of Heaviness- The First School

Answer 23

1- Letter with fatha
2- Letter with dhamma
3- Letter with kasrah

As for the letter with sukoon, it is considered having the harakah of the preceding letter

Question 24

Degrees of Heaviness: The Second School

Answer 24

1- letter with long fatha
2- letter with short fatha
3- letter with dhamma
4- letter with sukoon
5- letter with kasrah

Question 25

The rule of alif

Answer 25

Alif depends on the preceding letter in terms of heaviness and lightness,

Question 26

Shape of the tongue when pronouncing the heavy and the light alif

Answer 26

heavy alif is accompanied by the concavity of the middle of the tongue as well as the tightening of the throat unlike the light alif

Question 27

The rule of ل

Answer 27

Arabs pronounce ل heavy in the word
الله whenever it is preceded by fatha or dhamma

when it is preceded by kasrah then ل remains on its original state of lightness

Question 28

Shape of the tongue when pronouncing the heavy and the light ل

Answer 28

heavy ل is accompanied by the concavity of the middle of the tongue as well as the tightening of the throat,unlike the light ل

Question 29

The rules of ر

Answer 29

1- ر is pronounced heavy in 8 cases.
2-it is pronounced light in 4 cases.
3-both ways are permissible in 2 cases

Question 30

Cases of heaviness of ر

Answer 30

1- if ر has a fatha
2- if ر has sukoon and is preceded by fatha,
3- if ر has sukoon and is preceded by a letter with sukoon (other than ي), and this letter is preceded by fatha
4- if ر has a dhammah
5- if ر has sukoon and is preceded by dhammah
6- if ر has sukoon and is preceded by sukoon, and that letter is preceded by dhammah
7- if ر has a sukoon, and is preceded by a kasrah that is not original
8- if ر has sukoon and is preceded by kasrah, and is followed by a heavy letter that is not with Kasrah in the same word

Question 31

Cases of lightness of ر

Answer 31

1- if ر has a kasrah,
2- if ر has sukoon and is preceded by an original kasrah, and not followed by a heavy letter
3- if ر has a sukoon, and is preceded by a light letter with sukoon, and before it is a Kasrah
4- if ر has sukoon and preceded by a letter ي with sukoon

Question 32

Cases where ر can be either Light

or Heavy

Answer 32

1- when joining فرق كالطود

2- when stopping مصر القطر

Question 33

Shape of the tongue when pronouncing the heavy and the light ر

Answer 33

heavy ر is accompanied by the concavity of the middle of the tongueand the tightening of the throat unlike the light ر

Question 34

adhesion and separation الإطباق و الانفتاح

Answer 34

compression of sound between tongue and roof of mouth

Open
The sound is not compressed between the tongue and the upper palate. The rest of the letters

Compressed
The sound is compressed between the tongue and the upper palate (ص ، ض ، ط ، ظ )

Question 35

Rule of heaviness

Answer 35

The 7 letters of heaviness are 2 categories:
1- heavy compressed: and they are 4 letters : ص ، ض ، ط ، ظ
2-heavy open: and they are 3 letters : غ ، خ ، ق

heavy compressed letter is heavier than the heavy open