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Bacteriology Lecture > Lesson 9: The Mycobacteria > Flashcards

Lesson 9: The Mycobacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Rod-shaped
Non-motile
Non-encapsulated
Non-spore forming
Strictly aerobic
Catalase (+)
Produces Much’s granules (inclusion bodies)

A

Mycobacteria

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2
Q

What is the inclusion body of Mycobacteria?

A

Much’s granules

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3
Q

Repels the action of gram-stain that is the reason why Mycobacterium is stained with acid fast staining

A

Mycolic acid

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4
Q

What is the mordant for Mycobacteria when using acid-fast stain?

A

Heat

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5
Q

Heating is the principle of what technique?

A

Ziehl-Neelssen Technique

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6
Q

Cold method uses “detergent” which is the principle of?

A

Kinyoun method

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7
Q

Stains are difficult to be decolorized in mycobacteria because of the presence of?

A

Mycolic acid

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8
Q

3 major groups of Mycobacteria

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)
Mycobacterium leprae

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9
Q

Classification of Mycobacterium based on PHOTOREACTIVITY

produce carotene pigment upon exposure to light

A

Photochromogens

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10
Q

Classification of Mycobacterium based on PHOTOREACTIVITY

produce carotene pigment in light or dark

A

Scotochromogen

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11
Q

Classification of Mycobacterium based on PHOTOREACTIVITY

No pigment; these colonies are a buff color

A

Nonphotochromogenic

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12
Q

M. tuberculosis complex (5)

A

M. tuberculosis
M. bovis
M. africanum
M. microti
M. canetti

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13
Q

Photochromogens (3)

A

M. kansasii
M. marinum
M. simiae

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14
Q

Scotochromogens (3)

A

M. scrofulaceum
M. szulgai
M. gordonae

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15
Q

Nonphotochromogens (4)

A

M. avium complex
M. xenopi
M. mamoense
M. paratuberculosis

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16
Q

Rapid Growers (3)

A

M. fortuitum
M. chelonae
M. abscessus

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17
Q

Primarily a pathogen of the respiratory tract and once called “Consumption”

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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18
Q

2 Types of Tuberculosis

A

Primary Tuberculosis
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

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19
Q

A test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis where it detects patient’s cell-mediated immune response to bacterial antigens

A

PPD Test (Purified Protein Derivative Test) / Mantoux / Tuberculin Skin Test / TB Skin test

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20
Q

Method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Blood test
Measure person’s immune reactivity to specific mycobacterial antigens

A

Interferon-Gamma Release Assays

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21
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Primarily in cattle, dogs, cats, swine, parrots, and human
Slow grower
Nonpigmented
Similar to M. tuberculosis
Small, granular, rounded “WHITE COLONIES” with irregular margins

A

Mycobacterium bovis

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22
Q

MOTT stands for?

A

Mycobacteria other than Tubercle Bacillus

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23
Q

MOTT is also known as?

A

NTM/Non-Tubercle Bacillus

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24
Q

It is an opportunistic pathogen in patients with liver disease, immunocompromised, percutaneous trauma

A

NTM/Non-Tubercle Bacillus

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25
Q

It causes leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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26
Q

Other name of Leprosy

A

Hansen’s Disease

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27
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Infection of the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves
Most cases are from warm climates
Bacteria infect the cooler areas of the body (ears, nose, eyebrows, fingers, toes)
Causes leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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28
Q

Sputum specimen that is the method of choice (self couching)

A

Spontaneous

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29
Q

Sputum specimen with aerosol saline (facilitates coughing)

A

Induced

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30
Q

For sputum specimen in Mycobacteria, what type of cough or sputum is needed?

A

Deep cough or expectorated sputum induced by nebulization

31
Q

True or False

Bronchial washing or lavages can be collected as specimen for Mycobacteria

A

True

32
Q

It is the specimen of choice for detection in children and infants

Should be processed within 4 hours

A

Gastric Lavage/Aspirates

32
Q

Gastric Lavage/Aspirates contain this substance that can neutralize the acidity of the gastric lavage in order to not kill the mycobacteria

A

Sodium carbonate

33
Q

It is used to recover mycobacterium that may have been swallowed during the night

Only used when patient is unable to produce a good quality sputum specimen

A

Gastric aspirates

34
Q

Ideal for isolation of mycobacteria

A

Urine

35
Q

Why is 24-hour urine specimen not ideal for Mycobacteria?

A

Because of dilution and high concentration

36
Q

What is the preferred urine specimen?

A

First morning midstream

37
Q

Minimum required urine volume for urine specimen of mycobacteria?

A

15 mL

38
Q

Can pooled urine be collected?

A

Yes, but it most not exceed 12-24 hours

39
Q

What type of specimen uses Lidocaine to obtain airway mucosal anesthesia?

A

Bronchoscopy specimen

40
Q

It is used in Bronchoscopy specimen to obtain airway mucosal anesthesia

A

Lidocaine

41
Q

Can stool/fecal specimens be submitted for mycobacteria?

A

Yes, as long as it does not have a preservative

42
Q

Effect of contaminants in fecal specimens can cause what type of results?

A

False-negative results

43
Q

Stool specimens is primarily collected from AIDS patients to determine what type of Mycobacterium?

A

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

44
Q

These are centrifuged for concentration of sediments first before inoculating for culture

A

Body fluids

45
Q

It is a test used for the detection of Mycobacteria in the blood

A

Interferon-Gamma assay

46
Q

Specimen from non-sterile site is mixed with an agent that will kill non-mycobacterium bacteria

These common decontamination agents are?

A

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOh) - most common
Oxalic acid (used with Ps. aeruginosa)
Benzalkonium chloride + Trisodium phosphate (Zephiran)(used for the presence of Pseudomonas)

47
Q

Liquefying mucus enables the mycobacterium to contact and use the nutrients in the agar medium

These common digestion agents are?

A

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) + 2% NaOH = Most common

Trisodium phosphate (Z-TSP) with Zephiran

Dithiothreitol (DTT) + 2% NaOH (sputolysin)

48
Q

Purpose of NAC as a digestion agent is to split what?

A

To split the disulfide bonds

49
Q

2% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) acts as what?

A

Antimicrobial agent

50
Q

3 Types of sterile specimens

A

CSF
Synovial Fluid
Biopsy Tissue

51
Q

For concentration of Mycobacteria, after decontamination and digestion, it is centrifuged for how many minutes?

A

15 minutes at 3000g

52
Q

It uses heat to drive the color into the lipids of the cell wall

Decolorized with “acid-alcohol”

A

Ziehl-Neelsen method

53
Q

More sensitive type of Acid Fast Stain

A

Auramine-Rhodamine Fluorochrome Stain

54
Q

After staining with Acid-Fast, a minimum of ____ OIF are examined

A

300 OIF

55
Q

For hot and cold method, a primary stain is used and it is liquid soluble and contains “phenol”. What is the type?

A

Carbolfuchsin stain

56
Q

Carbolfuchsin stain contains this substance that helps the stain penetrate the cell wall

A

Phenol

57
Q

What is the counterstain used in Ziehl-Neelsen Method?

A

Methylene Blue

58
Q

3 Types of Media used for Mycobacterium

A

Egg-Based with Malachite Green(Lowenstein-Jensen Medium)
Agar Based
Liquid Media

59
Q

Agar based media for Mycobacteria which promotes early growth and is “serum based”

A

Middlebrook 7H10 and 7H11 agar

60
Q

Liquid Media for Mycobacteria

A

Middlebrook 7H9 Broth

61
Q

Laboratories with large volumes of Mycobacterium cultures use an automated reader which is used for blood, body fluids, and bone marrow.

A

BACTEC

62
Q

BACTEC broth contains what labeled substrate?

A

14C

63
Q

It contains “saponin” to liberate intracellular organisms

Advantages include yielding isolated colonies, quantification of mycobacteria, shorter recovery time

A

Isolator-Lysis Centrifugation System

64
Q

Non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) can be a slow grower or a rapid grower, which groups are which?

A

Group 1,2,3 = slow grower
Group 4 = rapid grower

65
Q

Group 1 of NTM

A

Photochromogens

66
Q

Group 2 of NTM

A

Scotochromogens

67
Q

Group 3 of NTM

A

Nonphotochromogens

68
Q

Group 4 of NTM

A

Rapid Growers

69
Q

Growth rate of Rapid Growers

A

Colonies in <7 days

70
Q

Growth rate of Slow Growers

A

Colonies in >7 days

71
Q

Temperature range for Mycobacteria culture

A

20-42C

72
Q

Identify the bacteria

Slow grower
Think, flat, spreading and friable with a rough appearance colony
“Cord” formation
Growth at 35-37C (BT)
Colonies are NOT photoreactive

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

73
Q

Common antibiotics for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (5)(RIPES)

A

Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin

Bacteriology Lecture (11 decks)

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