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Bacteriology Lecture > Lesson 4: Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Infection and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or impaired, and is usually accompanied by signs and symptoms

A

Disease

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2
Q

It is the successful colonization of a host by a microorganism

A

Infection

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3
Q

______ of disease are objective and measurable, and can be directly observed by a clinician

A

Signs

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4
Q

What are the 4 vital signs?

A

Body Temperature
Heart Rate
Breathing Rate
Blood Pressure

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5
Q

A cytokine that causes fever

A

Interleukin 1

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6
Q

________ of disease are subjective. These are felt or experienced by the patient, but they cannot be clinically confirmed or objectively measured

A

Symptoms

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7
Q

This scale asks patients to rate their pain on a scale of 0-10

A

Wong-Baker Faces pain-rating scale

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8
Q

A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular disease is called a?

A

Syndrome

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9
Q

Bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal disease include: (VLCE)

A

Vibrio cholera
Listeria monocytogenes
Campylobacter jejuni
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

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10
Q

Causative agent of viral diarrhea in “ADULTS”

A

Norovirus

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11
Q

Causative agent of viral diarrhea in “INFANTS”

A

Rotavirus

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12
Q

Parasitic pathogens associated with diarrhea (GC)

A

Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvum

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13
Q

Any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen

A

Infectious Disease

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14
Q

Types of Infectious Disease

“capable of being spread from person to person through either direct or indirect mechanisms”

A

Communicable

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15
Q

Types of Infectious Disease

They are easily spread from person to person.

A

Contagious Disease

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16
Q

Diseases that are contracted as a result of a medical procedure. It can occur after procedures involving wound treatments, catheterization, or surgery if the wound or surgical site becomes contaminated

A

Iatrogenic Diseases

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17
Q

Hospital-Acquired Infection / Disease acquired in hospital settings

A

Nosocomial Diseases

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18
Q

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans

A

Zoonotic Disease

19
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transmitted by the bite of ticks infected with?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

20
Q

Not spread from one person to another even if there is direct or indirect contact with other people

Caused by pathogens

A

Non-communicable infectious diseases

21
Q

A bacterium that produces endospores that can survive in the soil for many years and also causes “TETANUS”

A

Clostridium tetani

22
Q

A bacterium that lives “within amoeba” in most locations like water-cooling towers.

Causes Legionnaires disease

A

Legionella pneumophila

23
Q

Acute diseases usually last for only how many months?

A

Less than 6 months

23
Q

Not caused by pathogens.

Important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide

A

Non-infectious Diseases

24
Q

5 stages/phases/periods of diseases (IPIDC)

A

Incubation
Prodromal
Illness
Decline
Convalescence period

25
Q

Chronic gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach) is caused by the “GRAM-NEGATIVE” bacterium which is?

A

Helicobacter pylori

25
Q

Chronic diseases usually last longer than how many months?

A

6 months

26
Q

H. pylori is able to colonize the stomach and persist in its highly acidic environment by producing the enzyme _______, which modifies the local acidity, allowing the bacteria to survive indefinitely

A

urease

27
Q

4 stages of Pathogenesis

A

Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Infection

27
Q

These are found on the surface of certain pathogens and bind to specific receptors(glycoproteins) on host cells

A

Adhesins

27
Q

In this phase, as opposed to chronic infections, the casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication

A

Silent Phase (Latent Disease)

28
Q

It is a community of bacteria that produce a glycocalyx, known as “Extrapolymeric substance” or EPS

A

Biofilm

28
Q

These are present on the:

Fimbriae and Flagella: Bacteria
Cilia: Protozoa
Capsids or Membranes: Viruses

A

Adhesins

28
Q

This is common in patients suffering from:

Cystic fibrosis
Burn wounds
Middle-ear infections (otitis media)

because it produces a biofilm

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

29
Q

Why do bacteria that produce biofilms are associated with chronic infection?

A

Because EPS not only allows for attachment but provides protection against the immune system and antibiotic treatments, preventing antibiotics from reaching the bacterial cells within the biofilm

30
Q

Pathogens produce toxins or _________, which serve as virulence factors that allow them to colonize and damage host tissues as they spread deeper into the body

A

Exoenzymes

31
Q

This enhances the ability of pathogens to infect or damage the host’s tissue

A

Virulence factor

32
Q

2 examples of bacteria that produces proteins that lyse the phagosome before it fuses with the lysosome, allowing bacteria to escape into the phagocyte’s cytoplasm where they can multiply

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Shigella

32
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis produces a “surface protein” known as _______ that binds to beta-1 integrins expressed on the surface of host cells resulting in entry

A

Invasin

32
Q

This line of defense is where antibodies are produced

A

Third Line of Defense (Specific Response)

32
Q

It is the virulence factor of E. coli

A

Urease

33
Q

True or False

The first line of defense is non-specific and aims to stop microbes from entering the body

A

True

33
Q

It is any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies

A

Reservoir

33
Q

True or False

The second line of defense is non-specific as it stops any type of microbe

A

True

Bacteriology Lecture (11 decks)

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