Lesson 4: Infection and Immunity Flashcards
Any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or impaired, and is usually accompanied by signs and symptoms
Disease
It is the successful colonization of a host by a microorganism
Infection
______ of disease are objective and measurable, and can be directly observed by a clinician
Signs
What are the 4 vital signs?
Body Temperature
Heart Rate
Breathing Rate
Blood Pressure
A cytokine that causes fever
Interleukin 1
________ of disease are subjective. These are felt or experienced by the patient, but they cannot be clinically confirmed or objectively measured
Symptoms
This scale asks patients to rate their pain on a scale of 0-10
Wong-Baker Faces pain-rating scale
A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular disease is called a?
Syndrome
Bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal disease include: (VLCE)
Vibrio cholera
Listeria monocytogenes
Campylobacter jejuni
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Causative agent of viral diarrhea in “ADULTS”
Norovirus
Causative agent of viral diarrhea in “INFANTS”
Rotavirus
Parasitic pathogens associated with diarrhea (GC)
Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen
Infectious Disease
Types of Infectious Disease
“capable of being spread from person to person through either direct or indirect mechanisms”
Communicable
Types of Infectious Disease
They are easily spread from person to person.
Contagious Disease
Diseases that are contracted as a result of a medical procedure. It can occur after procedures involving wound treatments, catheterization, or surgery if the wound or surgical site becomes contaminated
Iatrogenic Diseases
Hospital-Acquired Infection / Disease acquired in hospital settings
Nosocomial Diseases
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans
Zoonotic Disease
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transmitted by the bite of ticks infected with?
Rickettsia rickettsii
Not spread from one person to another even if there is direct or indirect contact with other people
Caused by pathogens
Non-communicable infectious diseases
A bacterium that produces endospores that can survive in the soil for many years and also causes “TETANUS”
Clostridium tetani
A bacterium that lives “within amoeba” in most locations like water-cooling towers.
Causes Legionnaires disease
Legionella pneumophila
Acute diseases usually last for only how many months?
Less than 6 months
Not caused by pathogens.
Important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide
Non-infectious Diseases
5 stages/phases/periods of diseases (IPIDC)
Incubation
Prodromal
Illness
Decline
Convalescence period
Chronic gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach) is caused by the “GRAM-NEGATIVE” bacterium which is?
Helicobacter pylori
Chronic diseases usually last longer than how many months?
6 months
H. pylori is able to colonize the stomach and persist in its highly acidic environment by producing the enzyme _______, which modifies the local acidity, allowing the bacteria to survive indefinitely
urease
4 stages of Pathogenesis
Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Infection
These are found on the surface of certain pathogens and bind to specific receptors(glycoproteins) on host cells
Adhesins
In this phase, as opposed to chronic infections, the casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication
Silent Phase (Latent Disease)
It is a community of bacteria that produce a glycocalyx, known as “Extrapolymeric substance” or EPS
Biofilm
These are present on the:
Fimbriae and Flagella: Bacteria
Cilia: Protozoa
Capsids or Membranes: Viruses
Adhesins
This is common in patients suffering from:
Cystic fibrosis
Burn wounds
Middle-ear infections (otitis media)
because it produces a biofilm
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Why do bacteria that produce biofilms are associated with chronic infection?
Because EPS not only allows for attachment but provides protection against the immune system and antibiotic treatments, preventing antibiotics from reaching the bacterial cells within the biofilm
Pathogens produce toxins or _________, which serve as virulence factors that allow them to colonize and damage host tissues as they spread deeper into the body
Exoenzymes
This enhances the ability of pathogens to infect or damage the host’s tissue
Virulence factor
2 examples of bacteria that produces proteins that lyse the phagosome before it fuses with the lysosome, allowing bacteria to escape into the phagocyte’s cytoplasm where they can multiply
Listeria monocytogenes
Shigella
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis produces a “surface protein” known as _______ that binds to beta-1 integrins expressed on the surface of host cells resulting in entry
Invasin
This line of defense is where antibodies are produced
Third Line of Defense (Specific Response)
It is the virulence factor of E. coli
Urease
True or False
The first line of defense is non-specific and aims to stop microbes from entering the body
True
It is any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies
Reservoir
True or False
The second line of defense is non-specific as it stops any type of microbe
True
