Lesson 4: Infection and Immunity

Question 1

Any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or impaired, and is usually accompanied by signs and symptoms

Answer 1

Disease

Question 2

It is the successful colonization of a host by a microorganism

Answer 2

Infection

Question 3

______ of disease are objective and measurable, and can be directly observed by a clinician

Answer 3

Signs

Question 4

What are the 4 vital signs?

Answer 4

Body Temperature
Heart Rate
Breathing Rate
Blood Pressure

Question 5

A cytokine that causes fever

Answer 5

Interleukin 1

Question 6

________ of disease are subjective. These are felt or experienced by the patient, but they cannot be clinically confirmed or objectively measured

Answer 6

Symptoms

Question 7

This scale asks patients to rate their pain on a scale of 0-10

Answer 7

Wong-Baker Faces pain-rating scale

Question 8

A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular disease is called a?

Answer 8

Syndrome

Question 9

Bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal disease include: (VLCE)

Answer 9

Vibrio cholera
Listeria monocytogenes
Campylobacter jejuni
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

Question 10

Causative agent of viral diarrhea in “ADULTS”

Answer 10

Norovirus

Question 11

Causative agent of viral diarrhea in “INFANTS”

Answer 11

Rotavirus

Question 12

Parasitic pathogens associated with diarrhea (GC)

Answer 12

Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvum

Question 13

Any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen

Answer 13

Infectious Disease

Question 14

Types of Infectious Disease

“capable of being spread from person to person through either direct or indirect mechanisms”

Answer 14

Communicable

Question 15

Types of Infectious Disease

They are easily spread from person to person.

Answer 15

Contagious Disease

Question 16

Diseases that are contracted as a result of a medical procedure. It can occur after procedures involving wound treatments, catheterization, or surgery if the wound or surgical site becomes contaminated

Answer 16

Iatrogenic Diseases

Question 17

Hospital-Acquired Infection / Disease acquired in hospital settings

Answer 17

Nosocomial Diseases

Question 18

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans

Answer 18

Zoonotic Disease

Question 19

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transmitted by the bite of ticks infected with?

Answer 19

Rickettsia rickettsii

Question 20

Not spread from one person to another even if there is direct or indirect contact with other people

Caused by pathogens

Answer 20

Non-communicable infectious diseases

Question 21

A bacterium that produces endospores that can survive in the soil for many years and also causes “TETANUS”

Answer 21

Clostridium tetani

Question 22

A bacterium that lives “within amoeba” in most locations like water-cooling towers.

Causes Legionnaires disease

Answer 22

Legionella pneumophila

Question 23

Acute diseases usually last for only how many months?

Answer 23

Less than 6 months

Question 23

Not caused by pathogens.

Important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide

Answer 23

Non-infectious Diseases

Question 24

5 stages/phases/periods of diseases (IPIDC)

Answer 24

Incubation Prodromal Illness Decline Convalescence period

Question 25

Chronic gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach) is caused by the "GRAM-NEGATIVE" bacterium which is?

Answer 25

Helicobacter pylori

Question 25

Chronic diseases usually last longer than how many months?

Answer 25

6 months

Question 26

H. pylori is able to colonize the stomach and persist in its highly acidic environment by producing the enzyme _______, which modifies the local acidity, allowing the bacteria to survive indefinitely

Answer 26

urease

Question 27

4 stages of Pathogenesis

Answer 27

Exposure Adhesion Invasion Infection

Question 27

These are found on the surface of certain pathogens and bind to specific receptors(glycoproteins) on host cells

Answer 27

Adhesins

Question 27

In this phase, as opposed to chronic infections, the casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication

Answer 27

Silent Phase (Latent Disease)

Question 28

It is a community of bacteria that produce a glycocalyx, known as "Extrapolymeric substance" or EPS

Answer 28

Biofilm

Question 28

These are present on the: Fimbriae and Flagella: Bacteria Cilia: Protozoa Capsids or Membranes: Viruses

Answer 28

Adhesins

Question 28

This is common in patients suffering from: Cystic fibrosis Burn wounds Middle-ear infections (otitis media) because it produces a biofilm

Answer 28

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 29

Why do bacteria that produce biofilms are associated with chronic infection?

Answer 29

Because EPS not only allows for attachment but provides protection against the immune system and antibiotic treatments, preventing antibiotics from reaching the bacterial cells within the biofilm

Question 30

Pathogens produce toxins or _________, which serve as virulence factors that allow them to colonize and damage host tissues as they spread deeper into the body

Answer 30

Exoenzymes

Question 31

This enhances the ability of pathogens to infect or damage the host's tissue

Answer 31

Virulence factor

Question 32

2 examples of bacteria that produces proteins that lyse the phagosome before it fuses with the lysosome, allowing bacteria to escape into the phagocyte's cytoplasm where they can multiply

Answer 32

Listeria monocytogenes Shigella

Question 32

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis produces a "surface protein" known as _______ that binds to beta-1 integrins expressed on the surface of host cells resulting in entry

Answer 32

Invasin

Question 32

This line of defense is where antibodies are produced

Answer 32

Third Line of Defense (Specific Response)

Question 32

It is the virulence factor of E. coli

Answer 32

Urease

Question 33

True or False The first line of defense is non-specific and aims to stop microbes from entering the body

Answer 33

True

Question 33

It is any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies

Answer 33

Reservoir

Question 33

True or False The second line of defense is non-specific as it stops any type of microbe

Answer 33

True