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Bacteriology Lecture > Lesson 1: History of Microbiology > Flashcards

Lesson 1: History of Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Developed the first compound microscope (monocular = one eye piece)

A

Zacharias Janssen

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2
Q

Discredited spontaneous generation

A

Francesco Redi

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3
Q

Experiment: Mutton broth in flasks –> boiled –> sealed

Result: Broth became cloudy and contained microorganisms

A

John Needham

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4
Q

Experiment: Broth in flasks –> sealed –> boiled

Results: no growth of microorganisms

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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5
Q

“Swan-neck flask” experiments

Boiled the solutions and left flasks exposed to air

Results: No growth of microorganisms

A

Louis Pasteur

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5
Q

Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms and showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air

Provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria

A

John Tyndall

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5
Q

One of the factors to make the bacteria more pathogenic or virulent

A

Spores

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6
Q

Bacterial DNA condensed enclosed in a membrane called ____ with several layers of spore coat protecting the DNA

Used by bacteria for survival purposes

A

Cortex

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6
Q

Showed that a disease of “SILKWORMS” was caused by a fungus

A

Agostini Bassi

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6
Q

Heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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7
Q

Demonstrated that the great “POTATO BLIGHT” of Ireland was caused by a water mold

A

M.J. Berkeley

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8
Q

Showed that “SMUT AND RUST” fungi caused cereal crop diseases

A

Heinrich de Bary

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9
Q

Showed that the “PEBRINE” disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan

A

Louis Pasteur

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10
Q

Made the concept of sterilization to lessen post-operative infections and used “CARBOLIC ACID” to sterilize equipment used in operations

A

Joseph Lister

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11
Q

Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax

Used the criteria developed by his teacher Jacob Henle

A

Robert Kock

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12
Q

Developed “Porcelain Bacterial Filters” used by Ivanoski and Beijernick to study Tobacco Mosaic Disease

A

Charles Chamberland

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13
Q

Discovered that incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease (attenuation)

A

Pasteur and Roux

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14
Q

Created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or “live”)

A

Live attenuated vaccines

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15
Q

Bacteria usually grows within how many hours?

A

24-48 hours

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16
Q

2 Types of Vaccines

A

Live attenuated Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines

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17
Q

A vaccine derived from disease-causing, viruses or bacteria

A

Live attenuated vaccines

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18
Q

A vaccine derived using a toxin, protein, or polysaccharide(sugar) fragment derived from viruses or bacteria

A

Inactivated vaccines

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19
Q

Developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies (CAR)

A

Louis Pasteur

20
Q

Used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

21
Q

Developed antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

Evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity

A

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

22
Q

Discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood (macrophages)

Evidence for cellular immunity

A

Elie Metchnikoff

23
Q

Pioneered the use of “Enrichment cultures and Selective media”

Studied “SOIL MICROORGANISMS”

A

Sergei Winogradsky and Martinus Beijerinck

24
Q

Who discovered “Restriction Endonucleases”?

A

Arber and Smith

25
Q

Who discovered the first “novel recombinant molecule”?

A

Jackson, Symons, Berg

26
Q

Major Fields in Microbiology

“How the Immune System protects a host from pathogens”

A

Immunology

26
Q

Who discovered “DNA sequencing methods”?

A

Woese and Sanger

26
Q

Major Fields in Microbiology

“Concerned with the relationship of organisms with their environment”

A

Microbial Ecology

27
Q

It is the smallest of all microbes

A

Viruses

27
Q

Major Fields in Microbiology

“Diseases of Humans and Animals”

A

Medical Microbiology

28
Q

Major Fields in Microbiology

“Concerned with the impact of microorganisms on agriculture”

A

Agricultural Microbiology

28
Q

Major Fields in Microbiology

“Began in the 1800s and introduced Fermentation, Antibiotic Production, and Food Development”

A

Industrial Microbiology

28
Q

Major Fields in Microbiology

“Control and Spread of Communicable Diseases”

A

Public Health Microbiology

28
Q

Major Fields in Microbiology

“Studies metabolic pathways of microorganisms”

A

Microbial Physiology

28
Q

Major Fields in Microbiology

“Study the nature of genetic information and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms”

A

Molecular Biology, Microbial Genetics, and Bioinformatics

29
Q

Almost all prokaryotes have cell walls containing ________

A

Murein

29
Q

Eukaryotic fungi and plants have cell walls that contain ______ and _______

A

Cellulose and Chitin

29
Q

Three Domain Systems based on a comparison of ribosomal RNA genes

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

30
Q

The genetic material is covered by a capsule or ____ with protein extensions looking like spikes

A

Capsin

31
Q

Infectious agents of viruses composed of RNA

A

Viroids and Virusoid

32
Q

Difference of viroids and virusoids is on their what?

A

RNA sequence

33
Q

RNA molecules that form peptide bonds and perform cellular work and replication

A

Ribozymes

33
Q

Origins of life from Microbial fossils, granular silica, and oldest fossils from 3.5 billion years ago

A

Swartkoppie chert

33
Q

It consists of descendants of a single, pure microbial culture

A

Strain

34
Q

Theory

“The root of origin of modern life is on bacterial branch but nature is still controversial”

“Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya”

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

34
Q

Theory

“Life came from ancestral prokaryotes which evolved and formed the nucleus, it ingested the cyanobacterium and aerobic bacterium which are believed to be the chloroplast and mitochondrion in the modern eukaryote”

A

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

35
Q

Examples of strains (4)

A

Biovars
Serovars
Morphovars
Pathovars

35
Q

Serologic Variations (antigens and proteins in the bacteria)

Ex. Antigen differences; Staphylococcus X produces toxin (antigen) and Staphylococcus Y does not

A

Serovar

36
Q

The two daughter cells of an asexual reproduction (binary fission) are called?

A

Strains

36
Q

Morphologic variations (physical characteristic of the bacteria)

Ex. Difference in size, shape, staining and culture characteristic

A

Morphovar

37
Q

Biologic Variations (biological composition or mechanism)

Ex. Staphylococcus X and Staphylococcus Y are different based on respiration (aerobic and anaerobic)

A

Biovar

38
Q

Pathologic variations (differ in the diseases they cause)

A

Pathovar

Bacteriology Lecture (11 decks)

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