Lesson 1: History of Microbiology

Question 1

Developed the first compound microscope (monocular = one eye piece)

Answer 1

Zacharias Janssen

Question 2

Discredited spontaneous generation

Answer 2

Francesco Redi

Question 3

Experiment: Mutton broth in flasks –> boiled –> sealed

Result: Broth became cloudy and contained microorganisms

Answer 3

John Needham

Question 4

Experiment: Broth in flasks –> sealed –> boiled

Results: no growth of microorganisms

Answer 4

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 5

“Swan-neck flask” experiments

Boiled the solutions and left flasks exposed to air

Results: No growth of microorganisms

Answer 5

Louis Pasteur

Question 5

Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms and showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air

Provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria

Answer 5

John Tyndall

Question 5

One of the factors to make the bacteria more pathogenic or virulent

Answer 5

Spores

Question 6

Bacterial DNA condensed enclosed in a membrane called ____ with several layers of spore coat protecting the DNA

Used by bacteria for survival purposes

Answer 6

Cortex

Question 6

Showed that a disease of “SILKWORMS” was caused by a fungus

Answer 6

Agostini Bassi

Question 6

Heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

Answer 6

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 7

Demonstrated that the great “POTATO BLIGHT” of Ireland was caused by a water mold

Answer 7

M.J. Berkeley

Question 8

Showed that “SMUT AND RUST” fungi caused cereal crop diseases

Answer 8

Heinrich de Bary

Question 9

Showed that the “PEBRINE” disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan

Answer 9

Louis Pasteur

Question 10

Made the concept of sterilization to lessen post-operative infections and used “CARBOLIC ACID” to sterilize equipment used in operations

Answer 10

Joseph Lister

Question 11

Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax

Used the criteria developed by his teacher Jacob Henle

Answer 11

Robert Kock

Question 12

Developed “Porcelain Bacterial Filters” used by Ivanoski and Beijernick to study Tobacco Mosaic Disease

Answer 12

Charles Chamberland

Question 13

Discovered that incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease (attenuation)

Answer 13

Pasteur and Roux

Question 14

Created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or “live”)

Answer 14

Live attenuated vaccines

Question 15

Bacteria usually grows within how many hours?

Answer 15

24-48 hours

Question 16

2 Types of Vaccines

Answer 16

Live attenuated Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines

Question 17

A vaccine derived from disease-causing, viruses or bacteria

Answer 17

Live attenuated vaccines

Question 18

A vaccine derived using a toxin, protein, or polysaccharide(sugar) fragment derived from viruses or bacteria

Answer 18

Inactivated vaccines

Question 19

Developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies (CAR)

Answer 19

Louis Pasteur

Question 20

Used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

Answer 20

Edward Jenner

Question 21

Developed antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus Evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity

Answer 21

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

Question 22

Discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood (macrophages) Evidence for cellular immunity

Answer 22

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 23

Pioneered the use of "Enrichment cultures and Selective media" Studied "SOIL MICROORGANISMS"

Answer 23

Sergei Winogradsky and Martinus Beijerinck

Question 24

Who discovered "Restriction Endonucleases"?

Answer 24

Arber and Smith

Question 25

Who discovered the first "novel recombinant molecule"?

Answer 25

Jackson, Symons, Berg

Question 26

Major Fields in Microbiology "How the Immune System protects a host from pathogens"

Answer 26

Immunology

Question 26

Who discovered "DNA sequencing methods"?

Answer 26

Woese and Sanger

Question 26

Major Fields in Microbiology "Concerned with the relationship of organisms with their environment"

Answer 26

Microbial Ecology

Question 27

It is the smallest of all microbes

Answer 27

Viruses

Question 27

Major Fields in Microbiology "Diseases of Humans and Animals"

Answer 27

Medical Microbiology

Question 28

Major Fields in Microbiology "Concerned with the impact of microorganisms on agriculture"

Answer 28

Agricultural Microbiology

Question 28

Major Fields in Microbiology "Began in the 1800s and introduced Fermentation, Antibiotic Production, and Food Development"

Answer 28

Industrial Microbiology

Question 28

Major Fields in Microbiology "Control and Spread of Communicable Diseases"

Answer 28

Public Health Microbiology

Question 28

Major Fields in Microbiology "Studies metabolic pathways of microorganisms"

Answer 28

Microbial Physiology

Question 28

Major Fields in Microbiology "Study the nature of genetic information and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms"

Answer 28

Molecular Biology, Microbial Genetics, and Bioinformatics

Question 29

Almost all prokaryotes have cell walls containing ________

Answer 29

Murein

Question 29

Eukaryotic fungi and plants have cell walls that contain ______ and _______

Answer 29

Cellulose and Chitin

Question 29

Three Domain Systems based on a comparison of ribosomal RNA genes

Answer 29

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Question 30

The genetic material is covered by a capsule or ____ with protein extensions looking like spikes

Answer 30

Capsin

Question 31

Infectious agents of viruses composed of RNA

Answer 31

Viroids and Virusoid

Question 32

Difference of viroids and virusoids is on their what?

Answer 32

RNA sequence

Question 33

RNA molecules that form peptide bonds and perform cellular work and replication

Answer 33

Ribozymes

Question 33

Origins of life from Microbial fossils, granular silica, and oldest fossils from 3.5 billion years ago

Answer 33

Swartkoppie chert

Question 33

It consists of descendants of a single, pure microbial culture

Answer 33

Strain

Question 34

Theory "The root of origin of modern life is on bacterial branch but nature is still controversial" "Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya"

Answer 34

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

Question 34

Theory "Life came from ancestral prokaryotes which evolved and formed the nucleus, it ingested the cyanobacterium and aerobic bacterium which are believed to be the chloroplast and mitochondrion in the modern eukaryote"

Answer 34

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Question 35

Examples of strains (4)

Answer 35

Biovars Serovars Morphovars Pathovars

Question 35

Serologic Variations (antigens and proteins in the bacteria) Ex. Antigen differences; Staphylococcus X produces toxin (antigen) and Staphylococcus Y does not

Answer 35

Serovar

Question 36

The two daughter cells of an asexual reproduction (binary fission) are called?

Answer 36

Strains

Question 36

Morphologic variations (physical characteristic of the bacteria) Ex. Difference in size, shape, staining and culture characteristic

Answer 36

Morphovar

Question 37

Biologic Variations (biological composition or mechanism) Ex. Staphylococcus X and Staphylococcus Y are different based on respiration (aerobic and anaerobic)

Answer 37

Biovar

Question 38

Pathologic variations (differ in the diseases they cause)

Answer 38

Pathovar