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Bacteriology Lecture > Lesson 2: Bacterial Characteristic > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Bacterial Characteristic Flashcards

1
Q

5 Shapes of Bacteria

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Vibrio
Spirilla
Spirochetes

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2
Q

Shape of the Bacteria

“Kokkos meaning berry; are spherical or oval cells; equal in diameter”

A

Cocci

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3
Q

Shape of the Bacteria

“Baculus meaning rod; are rod shaped cells; length is longer than its width; longer and slender; there are some short and plump that looks like oval and can be mistaken as cocci”

A

Bacilli

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4
Q

Shape of the Bacteria

“Are comma shaped curved rods and derive their name from their characteristics vibratory motility”

A

Vibrios

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5
Q

Shape of the Bacteria

“Are rigid spiral forms; coil or snake-like”

A

Spirilla

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6
Q

Shape of the Bacteria

“Speira meaning coil and chaite meaning hair; are flexuous spiral forms; flexible movement”

A

Spirochetes

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7
Q

These are branching filamentous bacteria and resembles fungi

Rays of the sun resemblance

A

Actinomycetes

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8
Q

These are cell wall deficient, and hence do not possess a stable morphology. They occur as round or oval bodies and as interlacing filaments

A

Mycoplasma

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9
Q

Cocci Arrangement

Pairs:
Chains:
Groups of 4:
Groups of 8:
Grape-like clusters:

A

Pairs: Diplococci
Chains: Streptococci
GO4: Tetrad
GO8: Sarcina
Grape-like: Staphylococci

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10
Q

Bacterial growth can be studied using cell counts like?

A

Total Count
Viable Count

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11
Q

PHASES OF GROWTH CURVE

  1. No increase in number
  2. Increase in cell size
  3. Flat/Horizontal line curve
A

Lag Phase

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12
Q

PHASES OF GROWTH CURVE

  1. Cells start dividing
  2. Steady increase in number
  3. More bacterial division, no cell death
  4. There is a limit where it will flatten
A

Log or Exponential Phase

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13
Q

PHASES OF GROWTH CURVE

  1. Cell division stops due to depletion of nutrients
  2. Accumulation of toxic products
  3. Viable count: stationary
  4. Equal number of dying cells and newly formed cells
A

Stationary Phase

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14
Q

PHASES OF GROWTH CURVE

  1. Population decreases due to cell death
  2. Culture medium is not suitable for growth
A

Phase of Decline (Death Phase)

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15
Q

Ideal phase to get sample

A

Log Phase

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16
Q

Phase where sporulation occurs

A

Stationary Phase

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17
Q

This phase is where involution forms are common

A

Phase of Decline (Death Phase)

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18
Q

Bacteria that grow only in the presence of oxygen

Ex. Cholera, Vibrio

A

Obligate aerobes

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19
Q

Bacteria that are ordinarily aerobic but can grow in the absence of oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

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20
Q

Bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen

Ex. Clostridia

A

Anaerobic bacteria

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21
Q

Bacteria that may even die on exposure to oxygen

Ex. Bacteroides, Clostridium, Propionibacterium

A

Obligate anaerobes

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22
Q

Bacteria that grow best in the presence of low oxygen tension

Ex. Spirochetes

A

Microaerophilic bacteria

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23
Q

Uses carbon dioxide as their electron receptor

A

Capnophile

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24
Q

Grows best at temperature of 25-40C

A

Mesophiles

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24
Q

Grows best at temperature of below than 20C

A

Psychrophiles

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25
Q

Grows best at high temperature of 55-80C

A

Thermophiles

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25
Q

Lowest temperature that kills a bacterium under standard conditions in a given time

A

Thermal Death Point

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26
Q

It is a protein that increases in concentration as a cell grows and gets ready for cell division

A

DNA-A

26
Q

Majority of pathogenic bacteria grow best at neutral or slightly alkaline pH of?

A

7.2 - 7.6

27
Q

Bacteria solution should be isotonic for growth and sudden exposure to hypertonic solutions may cause osmotic withdrawal of water and shrinkage of protoplasm called ________

A

Plasmolysis

27
Q

DNA replication begins at a single defined DNA sequence of 245 base pairs called?

A

Origin of Replication (oriC)

28
Q

DNA helicase is also called?

A

DnaB

28
Q

Cleaves the RNA ends of the Okazaki fragments DNase1 then fills in the cleaved gaps with DNA nucleotides

A

RNAse H

29
Q

It transports the DNA Helicase

A

DNA Helicase Loader

29
Q

DNA helicase loader is also called?

A

DnaC

30
Q

An enzyme which synthesizes an RNA primer on the DNA template which is used by DNA Polymerase as a starting point

A

DNA Primase

31
Q

DNA polymerase is ferried to the replication fork by proteins called?

A

Clamp Loaders

31
Q

The main replication polymerase in E. coli is called?

A

DNA Polymerase 3

32
Q

Short sequences synthesized in the lagging strand because DNA polymerase can synthesize only from 5’ to 3’

A

Okazaki Fragments

33
Q

It closes the remaining gaps in the okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

34
Q

Proofreads new molecules of DNA and removes mismatched bases before continuing DNA synthesis

A

DNA Polymerase

35
Q

Process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

Translation

36
Q

3 steps of Protein Synthesis

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

37
Q

3 initiation factors of E. coli in the Initiation Phase

A

IF1
IF2
IF3

38
Q

Small ribosomal subunit contains __ subunits

A

30s subunits

39
Q

Large ribosomal subunits contain __ subunits

A

50s subunits

40
Q

Carries the genetic information copied from DNA

A

mRNA

41
Q

A ribosomal binding site in bacteria and archaea located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG, it binds the mRNA to the ribosome near the first AUG

A

Shine Dalgarno sequence

42
Q

Readily binds to the small ribosomal subunit and its presence blocks the large and small subunits from prematurely associating

Facilitates the binding of the mRNA to the small subunit of the ribosome

A

IF3

43
Q

Binds to the small subunit at a location called the A-site

A

IF1

44
Q

It is where the incoming tRNA normally binds

A

A-site

45
Q

It is bound to GTP and escorts the initiator tRNA to a different site, the P-site

A

IF2

46
Q

It carries the anticodon

A

tRNA

47
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of an amino acid residue in order to grow the polypeptide chain

A

Peptidyl transferase

48
Q

Has the general shape of a tRNA mimics a tRNA and enters the A site

A

RF 1 or RF 2 (Release Factor 1,2)

49
Q

Along with EFG binds at the A site and undocks the two ribosomal subunits

A

Ribosome Recycling Factor or RRF

50
Q

These are agents in the environment that cause permanent changes in DNA except for spontaneous mutation

A

Mutagens

51
Q

Types of Mutations

One or a few base pairs are deleted or added to DNA

A

Frameshift mutation

51
Q

Types of Mutations

Occur without the presence of any mutagen

A

Spontaneous mutations

51
Q

Types of Mutations

Amino acid substitutions

A

Missense mutations

52
Q

Types of Mutations

Creates a stop codon

A

Nonsense mutation

53
Q

This occurs during reproduction when genes are passed from an “ORGANISM TO ITS OFFSPRING”

A

Vertical Gene Transfer

54
Q

This occurs in bacteria and involves a portion of the cell’s DNA being transferred from “DONOR TO RECIPIENT”

A

Horizontal Gene Transfer

55
Q

When some of the donor’s DNA has been integrated into the recipients DNA, the resultant cell is called a?

A

Recombinant

56
Q

Genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in solution

A

Transformation

57
Q

A type of transferring genetic material wherein it requires contact between living cells

A

Conjugation

58
Q

DNA is passed from one bacterium to another in a bacteriophage and is then incorporated into the recipient’s DNA

A

Transduction

59
Q

These are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA carrying genes that are not usually essential for the cell’s survival

A

Plasmids

60
Q

These are small segments of DNA that can move from one region to another region of the same chromosome or to a different chromosome or plasmid

A

Transposons

Bacteriology Lecture (11 decks)

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