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Bacteriology Lecture > Lesson 8: The Gram Positive Bacilli - Endospore and Non-spore Forming > Flashcards

Lesson 8: The Gram Positive Bacilli - Endospore and Non-spore Forming Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are spore forming and which are not-spore forming bacteria?

Bacillus
Listeria
Clostridia
Corynebacterium

A

Spore forming: Bacillus and Clostridia

Non-spore forming: Listeria and Corynebacterium

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2
Q

Which of the following is the obligate aerobe/anaerobe?

Bacillus species
Clostridium species

A

Obligate aerobes: Bacillus species
Obligate anaerobes: Clostridium species

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3
Q

Anthrax, Diphtheria, and Listeriosis are caused by what gram-type of bacillus?

A

Gram-positive

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4
Q

All Cocci are Gram-Positive except for? MANBV

A

Megasphera
Acidaminococcus
Neisseria
Bramhamella
Veilonella

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4
Q

All Bacilli are Gram-Positive except? MCCBELL

A

Mycobacterium
Corynebacterium
Clostridium
Bacillus
Erysipelothrix
Listeria
Lactobacillus

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5
Q

What agar can grow Bacillus spp? (SBA and PEA)

A

Sheeps Blood Agar
Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar

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5
Q

Spores of Bacillus can be identified with what stain? (SF Stain)

A

Schaeffer-Fulton stain

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6
Q

Round and Glass-like colonies

A

Bacillus spp

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6
Q

The spores of bacillus contain ___________ which makes them resistant to adverse environment

A

Calcium dipicolinate

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7
Q

Its antiphagocytic capsule is composed of D-glutamate

A

Bacillus anthracis

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7
Q

2 medically important Bacillus spp

A

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus

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8
Q

Where is the anthrax toxin encoded on bacillus anthracis?

A

Plasmid

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8
Q

3 forms of Anthrax

A

Cutaneous
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal

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9
Q

It is a NON-MOTILE bacillus spp, while others are motile

A

Bacillus anthracis

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9
Q

Two exotoxins of anthrax

A

Edema factor and Lethal factor

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10
Q

Which subunit of the anthrax exotoxin has the enzymatic activity?

A

A or active subunit

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10
Q

Which subunit of the anthrax exotoxin is the protective antigen?

A

B or binding subunit

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10
Q

The smears of Bacillus anthracis are stained with? (3)

A

Gram Stain
Polychrome methylene blue (McFadyean’s stain)
Giemsa Stain

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11
Q

It is an adenylate cyclase that causes an increase in the intracellular concentration of cAMP

Similar to that of the cholera toxin

A

Edema factor

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11
Q

What Biosafety level is a precaution for anthrax toxin?

A

BSL II

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12
Q

A protease that cleaves the phosphokinase that activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway

A

Lethal Factor

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13
Q

Identify the agar for B. anthracis

Grayish and granular colonies
24 hour incubation
2-3 mm diameter
“Medusa head”

A

Nutrient agar

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13
Q

PMB stained smears shown an amorphous purplish material, remnant of the capsular material around the bacillus and it is used for presumptive diagnosis of anthrax in animals

A

McFadyean’s reaction

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14
Q

Identify the agar for B. anthracis

Gray or white colonies
Non-hemolytic
Dry, ground-glass appearance
3mm diameter
Sometimes have tails

A

Blood agar (Horse or Sheep Blood Agar)

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15
Q

Identify the agar for B. anthracis

Contains 0.05-0.5 U of penicillin/mL
Large, spherical colonies
“String of pearls” surface

A

Solid medium containing penicillin

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15
Q

This property is useful in differentiation of B. anthracis from B. cereus and other aerobic spore bearers

A

String of pearls reaction

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16
Q

It is a selective medium used for isolation of B. anthracis from mixtures containing other spore-bearing bacilli. The medium is composed of:

Heart infusion agar
Polymyxin
Lysozyme
Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid(EDTA)
Thallous acetate

A

Knisely’s Polymyxin B-lysozyme-EDTA-thallous acetate (PLET) agar medium

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16
Q

B. anthracis produces acid from what sugars?

A

Glucose
Maltose
Sucrose
Trehalose
Dextrin

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16
Q

These are avirulent and lack capsule type of B. anthracis stain

A

Rough (R) variants

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16
Q

It is a test for B. anthracis used for RAPID diagnosis when tissue received is putrid and viable bacilli are unlikely to be found

A

Ascoli’s thermoprecipitation test

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16
Q

Identify the agar for B. anthracis

Growth on the stab line
Lateral spikes
“Inverted fir tree” appearance
Liquefaction is slow and late (7 days at 20C) and starts at the surface

A

Gelatin medium

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16
Q

Capsulated bacteria on serum or bicarbonate medium produce this type of colonies.

A

Mucoid or smooth(S) colony type

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16
Q

This test for B. anthracis is used to demonstrate serum IgG against PA

A

ELISA Test

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17
Q

This genus of Gram-positive bacilli are capable of forming endospores which are typically wider than the bodies of the bacilli resembling a spindle shape appearance

A

Clostridium

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17
Q

B. anthracis demonstrate a weak lecithinase reaction, which gives a narrow zone of opalescence around the colonies on what type of agar?

A

Egg-yolk agar

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17
Q

True or False

B. anthracis a NITRATE reducer

A

True

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17
Q

B. anthracis does not produce acid from these sugars.

A

Lactose
Arabinose
D-xylose
D-mannitol

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17
Q

It is the most important feature of clostridia

A

Ability to produce endospores

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17
Q

Bacillus cereus can be isolated from feces by using selective media such as?

A

MYPA (mannitol, egg yolk, polymyxin, phenol red, and agar)

PEMBA (polymyxin, egg yolk, mannitol, bromthymol blue)

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17
Q

Bacteria related to fried rice because it can survive steaming and rapid frying

A

Bacillus cereus

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17
Q

Identify the agar for B. cereus

Large, feathery, spreading, dull
Gray and granular
Opaque with rough matted surface
Irregular perimeters
Beta-hemolytic

A

Blood agar

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18
Q

Culture of B. cereus can is identified if there is growth on what types of agar?

A

5% sheep blood agar
Chocolate agar
Routine culture media
Nutrient broths

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18
Q

It is generally used as a toxin detection system for B. cereus

A

Microslide gel diffusion test

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18
Q

Following two weeks of incubation, aerial hyphae may develop on the surface on what media for B. cereus?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen medium

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18
Q

3 major clinical syndromes caused by Clostridium species

A

Tetanus
Gas gangrene
Botulism

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18
Q

True or False

Most species of Clostridium are harmless saprophytes and are present as normal flora in the GIT of humans and animals

A

True

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18
Q

Only 2 NON-CAPSULATED clostridia species

A

C. perfringens
C. butyricum

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19
Q

True or False

Clostridia are more associated with these:

Skin and soft tissue infections
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Food poisoning

A

True

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19
Q

What type of flagella does Clostridium species have?

A

Peritrichous flagella

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19
Q

Identify the clostridia species based on the spore

Central spore
“Spindle shape”

A

C. bifermentans

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20
Q

Identify the clostridia species based on the spore

Subterminal spores
“Club shape”

A

C. perfringens

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21
Q

Identify the clostridia species based on the spore

Oval terminal spores
“Tennis racket shape”

A

C. tertium

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22
Q

Identify the clostridia species based on the spore

Spherical terminal spore

A

C. tetani

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23
Q

True or False

Spores are more resistant forms than the vegetative forms of the bacilli

They show a variable degree of resistance to heat, drying, and disinfectants

A

True

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24
Q

These solutions/substances can kill spores

A

1% aqueous solution of iodine
2% glutaraldehyde at pH of 7.5-8.5

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25
Q

Spores are particularly resistant to what type of disinfectants

A

Phenolic disinfectants

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26
Q

Spores of this clostridium spp. can survive boiling at 105C for 3-4 hours

A

Clostridium botulinum

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27
Q

Spores of these clostridium spp. are rapidly destroyed by boiling for less than 5 minutes

A

C. perfringens
C. tetani

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28
Q

What strain of C. perfringens can survive boiling for several hours

A

C. perfringens Type-A strains

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29
Q

It is the most important clostridium species causing GAS GANGRENE

Also causes necrotic enteritis and food poisoning

A

Clostridium perfringens

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30
Q

Identify the Bacteria based on morphology

Large, rectangular
Gram-positive bacillus
4-6 mm in length
Straight bacillus with parallel sides
Round and truncated ends
Capsulated
Nonmotile

A

Clostridium perfringens

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31
Q

Identify the culture media of C. perfringens

Meat is NOT digested but is turned pink
Acidic reaction / sour odor in culture
Used in isolation of C. perfringens when specimens are contaminated with other clostridial species

A

Robertson’s cooked meat (RCM) broth

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32
Q

Inoculation of the specimens in RCM media

Temperature:
Time:

A

Temperature: 45C
Time: 4-6 minutes

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33
Q

Identify the culture media of C. perfringens

Prolonged incubation produces DUAL ZONE of hemolysis

Narrow zone: complete hemolysis by thetatoxin
Wider zone: incomplete hemolysis by alpha-toxin

A

Blood agar (Human, Sheep, or Rabbit)

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34
Q

In the blood agar for C. perfringens, the dual zone (narrow and wide) of hemolysis is caused by?

A

Narrow: Thetatoxin (complete)
Wide: Alpha-toxin (incomplete)

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35
Q

Does C. perfringens ferment sugar?

A

Yes (glucose, lactose, sucrose, and maltose)

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36
Q

Does C. perfringens produce H2S (Hydrogen sulfide) and reduce Nitrate to Nitrite?

A

Yes

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37
Q

Identify the bacteria based on the IMVC test

Methyl Red: Positive (+)
Voges-Proskauer: Negative (-)
Indole: Negative (-)

A

Clostridium perfringens

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38
Q

Since C. perfringens ferments lactose with the production of acid in litmus milk, the color of the medium changes from blue to red. What substance of the milk is coagulated by the production of acid?

A

Casein of the milk

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39
Q

When C. perfringens ferments lactose, there is a formation of a clot and it breaks which adheres to the sides of the glass tube. This reaction is known as?

A

Stormy fermentation

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40
Q

Identify the test used for C. perfringens

Rapid Detection
Uses “Lecithinase”
Produces “opalescence” in the serum and in the egg yolk media

A

Nagler reaction

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41
Q

This test for C. perfringens contains:

6% agar
5% Fildes peptic digest of sheep blood
20% human serum
Antibiotic neomycin sulfate
1/2 with antitoxin
1/2 without antitoxin

A

Nagler Test

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42
Q

True or False

C. perfringens are sensitive to metronidazole and penicillin

A

True

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43
Q

4 major toxins produced by C. perfringens

A

alpha
beta
epsilon
iota-toxin

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44
Q

5 strains of C. perfringens

A

A, B, C, D, E strains

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45
Q

It is the most important toxin produced by all strains of C. perfringens

A

Alpha-toxin

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46
Q

Largest volumes of alpha-toxin are provided by what strain of C. perfringens?

A

Type A strain

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47
Q

This toxin of C. perfringens is responsible for toxemia typically observed during gas gangrene

A

Alpha-toxin

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48
Q

This toxin of C. perfringens causes lysis of RBCs, WBCS, platelets, and endothelial cells

A

Alpha-toxin

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49
Q

This toxin of C. perfringens is observed best on incubation at 37C followed by re-incubation at 4C (hot-cold lysis)

A

Alpha toxin

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50
Q

This toxin of C. perfringens causes necrotic lesions in necrotizing enteritis

A

Beta-toxin

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51
Q

This toxin of C. perfringens is a lethal toxin, which produces necrotic lesions and increases vascular permeability

A

Iotta-toxin

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52
Q

This toxin of C. perfringens is a prototoxin, which is activated by trypsin. This toxin increases vascular permeability of the wall of gastrointestinal tract

A

Epsilon-toxin

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53
Q

Minor toxins of C. perfringens

A

Delta
Theta
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Nu

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54
Q

It is a toxin of C. perfringens:

Lethal
Hemolytic to sheep, goat, cattle, red cells, and etc

A

Delta Toxin

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55
Q

It is a toxin of C. perfringens:

Oxygen-labile hemolysin
Cytolytic toxin

A

Theta-toxin

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56
Q

It is a toxin of C. perfringens:

Collagenase

A

Kappa-toxin

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57
Q

It is a toxin of C. perfringens:

A proteinase
A gelatinase

A

Lambda-toxin

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58
Q

It is a toxin of C. perfringens:

A hyaluronidase

A

Mu toxin

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59
Q

It is a toxin of C. perfringens:

A deoxyribonuclease

A

Nu-toxin

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60
Q

This toxin is produced by type A strain of C. perfringens

Heat-labile

Produced during the stage of sporulation of vegetative cells to form spores, which is stimulated by alkaline environment of the small intestine

A

Enterotoxin

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61
Q

It is the most important enzyme of C. perfringens that alters the cell surface ganglioside receptors and promotes capillary permeability

Hint: Ganglioside = ganglia = brain related

A

Neuraminidase

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62
Q

This soluble substance produced by C. perfringens acts specifically on muscle tissue and may be responsible for typical muscle lesions observed in GAS GANGRENE

A

Bursting factor

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63
Q

This soluble substance produced by C. perfringens increases ADRENALINE sensitivity of the capillary membrane and also inhibits phagocytosis

A

Circulatory factor

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64
Q

It is a rapidly spreading edematous myonecrotic life-threatening condition caused by C. perfringens in association with extensive muscle trauma contaminated with C. perfringens or other pathogenic clostridia

A

Gas Gangrene or Clostridial Myonecrosis

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65
Q

Other name of Gas Gangrene

A

Clostridial Myonecrosis

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66
Q

It is caused by C. perfringens TYPE C and is an acute necrotizing condition of the jejunum

Characterized by abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, shock, and peritonitis

A

Necrotizing enteritis

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67
Q

Necrotizing enteritis is known as what in Papa New Guinea?

A

Pigbel

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68
Q

Necrotizing enteritis is known as what in Germany?

A

Darmbrand (fire bowels)

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69
Q

Strain of C. perfringens that is part of the normal flora where they are found in soil, dust, and air

A

Type A

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70
Q

Strain of C. perfringens that colonize the intestinal tracts of animals and occasionally humans. Their spores do not survive in soil.

A

Type B, C, D and F

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71
Q

Identify the bacteria

Obligate anaerobe
Gram-positive
Causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

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72
Q

It is an infectious disorder characterized by an increased muscle tone and spasms caused by the release of a neurotoxin, “tetanospasmin”, produced by C. tetani when it gets inoculated into humans

A

Tetanus

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3
4
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73
Q

What strain of C. tetani is non-motile because it does not have a flagella?

A

Type VI C. tetani

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74
Q

Identify the media used for C. tetani

Produces turbidity with production of some gas in the medium
Meat is not digested, but turns “BLACK”

A

Robertson’s Cooked Medium (RCM)

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75
Q

What hemolysin is produced by C. tetani that converts alpha-hemolysis to beta-hemolysis on prolonged incubation?

A

Tetanolysin

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75
Q

Identify the media used for C. tetani

produces “Alpha-hemolysis” which becomes “Beta-hemolytic” on prolonged incubation due to the production of TETANOLYSIS

Surface colonies tend to swarm over the entire surface of the agar

Fine translucent film of growth, which is difficult to visualize except at the edges of the colonies

A

Blood agar

76
Q

C. tetani are classified into how many serological types based on AGGLUTINATION?

A

10 serological types (Types I to X)

77
Q

Identify the media of C. tetani

Bacillus produces a “Fir-tree” type of growth under anaerobic incubation

A

Gelatin Stab Culture

77
Q

True or False

C. tetani is NOT a sugar fermenter

A

True

78
Q

It is the toxin responsible for the clinical manifestation of tetanus

A

Tetanospasmin

78
Q

True or False

C. tetani has mild proteolytic activity BUT completely lacks saccharolytic activity

A

True

78
Q

Identify the media of C. tetani:

Inoculation at bottom of the slope
Anaerobic incubation for 24 hours
Yields a “Pure” colony at top of the slope
Method: Fildes technique

A

Nutrient agar slope

78
Q

It is a routine method for isolating pure colonies of C. tetani

A

Fildes Technique (Nutrient agar slope)

79
Q

C. tetani spores are killed by what solution/chemical substance?

A

1% aqueous solution of iodine
10% hydrogen peroxide

79
Q

True or False

C. tetani can be killed by:
- 5% phenol
- 0.1 mercuric chloride solution

A

False, they can only be killed by 1% iodine solution or 10% hydrogen peroxide

79
Q

True or False

C. tetani does not produce H2S and does not reduce nitrates

A

True

79
Q

Identify the bacteria based on IMVC test

Indole: Positive (+)
Methyl Red: Negative (-)
Voges Proskauer: Negative (-)

A

C. tetani

79
Q

Tetanus toxin is made into toxoid by treating it with?

A

Formaldehyde

79
Q

These are the two major toxins of C. tetani which are pharmacologically and antigenically distinct

A

Tetanolysin
Tetanospasmin

80
Q

Identify the bacteria based on the medium

Produces a greenish fluorescence on MacConkey medium, which contains NEUTRAL RED

A

C. tetani

80
Q

It is a recently identified toxin of C. tetani

A

Non-spasmogenic toxin or Neurotoxin

81
Q

Identify the toxin of C. tetani

3rd toxin recently identified
Non-spasmogenic

A

Neurotoxin

81
Q

This toxin acts by preventing the release of Neurotransmitters, such as Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA), glycine, etc, thereby specifically blocking synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord

A

Tetanospasmin

81
Q

True or False

Tetanus toxoid is antigen but nontoxic

A

True

82
Q

Identify the toxin of C. tetani

Oxygen and heat-labile hemolysin
Related to clostridial hemolysins and streptolysin O
Does not play any role in the pathogenesis of tetanus

A

Tetanolysin

83
Q

Function of each chains of Tetanospasmin

Heavy chain:
Light chain:

A

Heavy chain: responsible for specific binding to neural cells and for protein transport

Light chain: blocks the release of two major inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA and glycine)

84
Q

Common incubation period of tetanus

A

6-12 days

85
Q

Type of tetanus (4)

A

Generalized tetanus
Neonatal tetanus
Localized tetanus
Cephalic tetanus

86
Q

Are swabs from the wounds good specimens for C. tetani identification?

A

NO

87
Q

Identify the bacteria

Heterogenous group of spore-forming bacteria
Anaerobic
Gram-positive
Causes “botulism”

A

Clostridium botulinum

88
Q

It is a paralytic disease with the presentation of food poisoning

A

Botulism

89
Q

C. botulinum is gram-positive(+) in young cultures less than how many hours?

A

Less than 18 hours old

90
Q

True or False

C. botulinum is motile by the presence of peritrichous flagella, and possesses subterminal and oval bulging spores

It is also NON-CAPSULATED

A

True

91
Q

Identify the agar of C. botulinum

produces large, irregular, and semitransparent colonies
“Irregular fimbriated” border

A

Blood agar

92
Q

What sugar does C. botulinum ferment?

A

Glucose

93
Q

What enzyme is produced by the formation of iridescent film on C. botulinum colonies grown on EGG YOLK AGAR?

A

Lipase

94
Q

How many types of C. botulinum are there on the basis of the antigenic specificities of their toxins?

A

7 types (A to G)

95
Q

It is the major virulence factor of C. botulinum

A

Botulinum toxin (exotoxin)

96
Q

The botulinum toxin is inactivated for how many minutes?

Cooking at 80C:
Boiling at 100C:

A

Cooking: 30-40 minutes
Boiling: 10 minutes

97
Q

Botulinum toxin consists of two subunits A and B, what is their function?

A

Subunit A: light chain, a neurotoxin

Subunit B: heavy chain, prevents the neurotoxin(chain A) from being inactivated by stomach acid

98
Q

It is the most potent NATURALLY occurring toxin known to mankind

A

Botulinum toxin

99
Q

Lethal does of botulinum toxin in humans?

A

1-2g

100
Q

All toxins of C. botulinum are “neurotoxins” except for?

A

C2

101
Q

The neurotoxin of C. botulinum acts specifically on cholinergic nerves. It acts by preventing the release of a neurotransmitter, which is?

A

Acetylcholine

102
Q

What are the 2 most potent toxins of C. botulinum?

A

Toxins A and B

103
Q

What toxins of C. botulinum appears to be mediated by bacteriophages?

A

Types C and D

104
Q

It is a type of botulism caused by toxins produced by C. botulinum present in the intestine

A

Infant botulism

105
Q

It is a type of botulism caused by toxins produced in a C. botulinum contaminated wound

A

Wound botulism

106
Q

A type of botulism where food poisoning occurs on ingestion of “preformed” toxins in food contaminated with C. botulinum

Death is due to respiratory paralysis and occurs in 1-7 days after onset of the disease

A

Food-borne botulism

107
Q

It is a type of botulism caused by neurotoxins produced in vivo by C. botulinum that have colonized the gastrointestinal tract of the infants

A

Infant botulism

108
Q

A type of botulism from heavy contamination of wounds with soil or water containing C. botulinum spores

Incubation period: 4-14 days

A

Wound botulism

109
Q

True or False

Wound botulism is similar to Food-borne botulism except that the incubation period is longer

A

True

110
Q

What type of botulinum cause avian and nonhuman mammalian disease?

A

Types C and D

111
Q

True or False

Food-borne botulism is more common than infant botulism

A

False, Infant botulism is more common

112
Q

Food-borne botulism is caused by what types?

A

Types A, B, and F

113
Q

Wound botulism is very rare and is caused by what type of strain?

A

Type A

114
Q

Infant botulism occurs following ingestion of C. botulinum spores present in infant food such as?

A

Honey

115
Q

Identify the type of botulinum based on the specimen type:

Wound pus and exudates

A

Wound botulism

116
Q

Identify the type of botulinum based on the specimen type:

Food by culture
Toxin in food or feces

A

Food-borne botulism

117
Q

Identify the type of botulinum based on the specimen type:

Isolation of bacilli and detection of botulinum toxin in feces of the patient

A

Infant botulism

118
Q

It was first described in 1935 from the feces of healthy newborns and was initially not thought to be a pathogen

A

Clostridium difficile

119
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Long slender
Gram-positive
Anaerobic
Large, oval, and terminal spores
Non-hemolytic
Saccharolytic
Mild proteolytic

A

Clostridium difficile

120
Q

It is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis

A

C. difficile

121
Q

What are the 2 antigenically distinct toxin of C. difficile?

A

Toxin A - enterotoxin
Toxin B - cytotoxin

122
Q

It is a test that has been employed to detect the presence of “Glutamate Dehydrogenase”, produced by C. difficile, for the diagnosis of C. difficile diarrhea

A

Latex agglutination test

123
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Normal flora in skin, URT, and Urogenital tract
Gram-positive
Aerobic or Facultative anaerobe
Non-motile
Non-spore forming
Club-shaped, irregular-shaped, v-shaped arrangements in normal growth
Believed to be “mainly contaminants”

A

Corynebacterium spp.

123
Q

Is corynebacteria catalase positive or negative?

A

Catalase-positive

124
Q

In Gram stain, it shows bacteria in short chains or clumps resembling “CHINESE LETTERS”

A

Corynebacterium

125
Q

A bacteria from the greek word, koryne, meaning club, and bacterion, meaning little rod

A

Corynebacteria

126
Q

It is the most widely studied species of Corynebacteria and is the causal agent of “Diphtheria”

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

126
Q

Non-diphtherial corynebacteria are collectively referred to as?

A

Diphtheroids

127
Q

It is an acute respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low-grade fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and nose

A

Diphtheria

128
Q

It is a Gram-positive bacillus showing maximum “pleomorphism” on Gram-staining

Palisades appearance or V and L formation

A

C. diphtheria

129
Q

This pattern formation of C. diphtheria is caused by the incomplete separation of the daughter cells during division when the organism is grown on nutritionally inadequate media, such as “Coagulated Egg Medium” or “Loeffler’s Coagulated Serum”

A

Chinese letter pattern or Cuneiform Arrangement

130
Q

C. diphtheria have 2-3 granules at the swollen ends, which gives “reddish purple color” when stained with?

A

Loeffler alkaline methylene blue

131
Q

Granules of C. diphtheria are also known as?

A

Babes-Ernst granules/ Metachromatic granules/
Volutin Granules

132
Q

Granules of C. diphtheria are the accumulation of polymerized ________, which are responsible for the “BEADED” appearance of the bacteria

A

Phosphates

133
Q

3 special stains used for granule demonstration of C. diphtheria

A

Albert stain
Neisser stain
Ponder stain

134
Q

Identify the culture media for C. diphtheria

Enriched medium
Characteristic morphology is best seen here
Produces a “luxuriant growth” in 4-6 hours at 37C

Initial incubation: (White, circular, opaque colony)
Prolonged incubation: (Large, Yellow Tint)

A

Loeffler’s serum slope

135
Q

2 examples of selective media used for diphtheria culture

A

Macleod’s or Hoyle’s tellurite blood agar media

136
Q

Concentration of tellurite present in the media that inhibits growth of other contaminant bacteria

A

0.04%

137
Q

Identify the culture media for C. diphtheria

Gray or Black colored colonies
48 hours of incubation

A

Tellurite agar

138
Q

C. diphtheria reduces tellurite to ___________, which is incorporated in the colonies that gives a “Gray” or “Black” color

A

Metallic tellurium

139
Q

3 distinct biotypes of C. diphtheria based on colony morphologies on “CYSTEINE-TELLURITE AGAR”

A

Mitis
Intermedius
Gravis

140
Q

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype (mitis, intermedius, gravis)

Small, round
Convex
Black

A

Mitis

141
Q

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype (mitis, intermedius, gravis)

Small, Flat
Gray

A

Intermedius

142
Q

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype (mitis, intermedius, gravis)

Large, Irregular
Gray

A

Gravis

143
Q

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype

Daisy head colony
Uniform staining
Malt surface
Brittle consistency

A

Gravis

144
Q

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype

Frog’s egg colony
Irregular staining
Shining surface
Weak buttery consistency

A

Intermedius

145
Q

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype

Poached egg colony
Irregular staining
Glossy surface
Buttery consistency

A

Mitis

146
Q

Only biotype of C. diphtheria that is not a starch fermenter

A

Intermedius

147
Q

What sugars does C. diphtheria ferment?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Maltose
Dextrin

148
Q

What is always used for testing fermentation of sugars for C. diphtheria?

A

Hiss’s serum water

149
Q

Which sugars are not fermented by C. diphtheria?

A

Lactose
Mannitol
Sucrose

150
Q

True or False

Diphtheria bacilli are readily killed by heating at 58C for 10 minutes and at 100C for 1 minute

A

True

151
Q

A type of bacilli that is destroyed by the usual strengths of antiseptics

A

C. diphtheria

152
Q

Diphtheria toxin is produced only by strains of C. diphtheria that are lysogenized with bacteriophages that contain the structural gene (________) for the toxin molecule(________)

A

Structural gene: Tox gene
Toxin molecule: Tox1 strains

153
Q

How can iron influence toxin production in diphtheria?

A

When DNA of the phage becomes integrated into the genetic material of C. diphtheriae, the bacteria develop the capability of producing the polypeptide toxin. The gene for toxin production occurs on the chromosome of the prophage, but a bacterial repressor protein controls the expression of this gene. The repressor is activated by iron, and it is in this way that iron influences toxin production.

154
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Causes nosocomial infections
Pyrazidamidase positive
Produces infections after prosthetic device implants
Resistant to most antimicrobial agents

A

Corynebacterium jeikeium

155
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Causes UTI
Slow grower
Rapid urease producer

A

Corynebacterium urealyticum

156
Q

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify)

CTBA Halo: +
Esculin Hydrolysis: -
Gelatinase: -
Nitrate: +
Urease: -

A

C. diphtheria

157
Q

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify)

CTBA Halo: -
Esculin Hydrolysis: -
Gelatinase: -
Nitrate: -
Urease: -

All are negative

A

C. jeikeium

158
Q

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify)

CTBA Halo: +
Esculin Hydrolysis: -
Gelatinase: +
Nitrate: -
Urease: +

A

C. ulcerans

159
Q

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify)

CTBA Halo: +
Esculin Hydrolysis: -
Gelatinase: -
Nitrate: -/+
Urease: +

A

C. pseudotuberculosis

160
Q

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify)

CTBA Halo: -
Esculin Hydrolysis: -
Gelatinase: -
Nitrate: -
Urease: +

Only positive for urease (Hint: it has urea in the name)

A

C. urealyticum

161
Q

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify)

CTBA Halo: -
Esculin Hydrolysis: -
Gelatinase: -
Nitrate: +
Urease: +

A

C. pseudodipthericum

162
Q

Identify the bacteria

Gram-positive rod
Resembles corynebacteria and streptococci
Resemble diphtheroids in stained smears
Beta-hemolytic colonies on blood agar
Catalase-positive
Can grow slowly in cold temperatures (1C)

A

Listeria monocytogenes

163
Q

Tumbling motility in fluid media at 25C that distinguishes them from corynebacteria

A

Listeria monocytogenes

164
Q

3 serotypes of Listeria that are majority in human cases

A

1/2a
1/2b
4b

165
Q

What major component of the cell wall of listeria differentiates the serotypes?

A

Techoic acid composition

166
Q

What serotype of Listeria accounts for almost all “food-borne” listeriosis outbreaks

There are BOTH galactose and glucose substituents in its N-acetylglucosamine

A

4b

167
Q

A gram-positive bacilli that can be transmitted transplacentally to the fetus

A

Listeria monocytogenes

168
Q

It is a surface protein of Listeria that causes a local reorganization of the cytoskeleton of the cell and stimulates its own entry in a membrane-bound vacuole.

A

Internalin

169
Q

In Listeria monocytogenes, the invading bacteria rapidly escape into the host cell cytosol by elaborating this cytotoxin similar to streptolysin O

A

Listeriolysin O (LLO)

170
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Slender, straight, slightly curved
Gram-positive bacillus
Non-motile
Non-spore forming
Non-capsulated
Catalase-negative (-)
H2S negative
Negative for IMVC
Natural parasite of swines, mice, rabbit, turkeys, and etc

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

171
Q

Identify the media used for E. rhusiopathiae:

24-48 hrs incubation
Convex and Translucent colony
Variable zone of “a-hemolysis”

A

Blood agar

172
Q

On tellurite agar, E. rhusiopathiae produces what color of colonies?

A

Black colonies

173
Q

It is the pathogenic agent causing pharyngitis and cutaneous infections among US service members and indigenous people in South Pacific

A

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum

174
Q

It was named as the ‘Secretive Bacteria”

A

Arcanobacterium

175
Q

What is the major human pathogen in the Arcanobacterium group?

A

A. haemolyticum

176
Q

What does A. haemolyticum lack which would indicate that it is a non-streptococcal origin even though it has a beta-hemolytic effect?

A

Lancefield group antigen

177
Q

An arcanobacterium spp. which is an animal pathogen and as a major cause of “MASTITIS” in lovestock

A

Arcanobacterium pyogenes

178
Q

An arcanobacterium spp. which is non-branching on Gram-stain and have rare occurrences described causing:

-bacteremia
-musculoskeletal
-eye infections

A

Arcanobacterium bernardiae

179
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Gram-positive
Non-acid fast
Composed of “coccoid cells”
Non-spore forming
Non-encapsulated

A

Kurthia gibsonii
Kurthia zopfii

180
Q

Identify the bacteria:

  1. Yeast Nutrient Agar
    - rhizoid colonies
    - loops and whorls of chains of rods at the edge
    - “Medusa head” appearance similar to B. anthracis
  2. Nutrient Gelatin Slant
    - “Bird’s Feather” appearance
A

Kurthia gibsonii
Kurthia zopfii

181
Q

True or False

K. gibsonii and K. zopfii are:

Catalase-positive
Oxidase-negative

A

True

182
Q

True or False

Kurthia species are aerobic and are non-fermenters

A

True

183
Q

This species have been implicated as “opportunistic” pathogens reported to cause ENDOCARDITIS

A

Kurthia spp.

184
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Gram-positive
Catalase-positive
Non-motile bacilli
Considered to be transitional forms between bacteria and fungi

A

Actinomycetes

185
Q

Bacteria that possess cell walls containing muramic acid but are also similar to fungi that form delicate filaments called “Hyphae” similar to the hyphal form in fungi

A

Actinomycetes

186
Q

Aerobic actinomycetes can be classified into two groups which are?

A

Actinomycetes with Mycolic acid
Actinomycetes without Mycolic acid

187
Q

Actinomycetes with Mycolic Acid includes 3 families which are? (CoMyNo)

A

Corynebacteriaceae
Mycobacteriaceae
Nocardiaceae

188
Q

The family Nocardiaceae consists of 4 genera which are? (NoRhoTsuGo)

A

Nocardia
Rhodococcus
Tsukamurella
Gordonia

189
Q

Actinomycetes without Mycolic Acid includes opportunistic pathogens such as? (TT AND SOR)

A

Tropheryma
Thermophilic actinomycetes
Actinomadura
Nocardiopsis
Dermatophilus
Streptomyces
Oerskovia
Rothia

190
Q

3 Thermophilic actinomycetes

A

Saccharopolyspora
Saccharomonospora
Thermoactinomyces

191
Q

Most common actinomyces causing human infection

A

Actinomyces Israeli

192
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Gram-positive
Non-motile
Non-sporing
Non-acid fast bacilli
Grow in filaments
Separate into “bacillary and coccoid” filaments

A

Actinomyces israeli

193
Q

Identify the culture for A. israeli:

Enriched medium used frequently for Actinomyces
“Molar-tooth appearance”

A

Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar
Heart infusion agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated rabbit, sheep, or horse blood

194
Q

Identify the culture media used for A. israeli:

Heart infusion blood and thioglycolate blood supplemented with 0.1-0.2% sterile rabbit serum

A

Liquid media

195
Q

These bacteria are present as normal flora of the “ORAL CAVITY” and also in the lower GIT and female genital tract of human hosts

A

Actinomyces spp.

196
Q

It is a subacute and chronic bacterial infection characterized by contiguous spread and suppurative and granulomatous inflammation

A

Actinomycosis

197
Q

Actinomycosis is associated with the formation of multiple abscesses and development of sinus tracts discharging “WHITE TO YELLOWISH GRANULES” known as?

A

Sulphur granules

198
Q

What is the color of Sulphur granules?

A

White to Yellowish

199
Q

Sulfur granules of Actinomyces are crushed between two slides and are stained by ______ or _______ staining method using 1% sulfuric acid for decolorization

A

Gram staining or Ziehl-Neelsen staining method

200
Q

Stained smears on Microscopic examination showing a “Sun-ray” appearance or “Ray of sun” appearance

A

Actinomyces

201
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Gram-positive
Rod-shaped
Shows “True branching”

A

Nocardia spp.

202
Q

Nocardia species most common in human infections and are “WEAKLY ACID FAST”

A

Nocardia asteroides
Nocardia brasiliensis

203
Q

Colonies initially have:

Dry, wrinkled
“chalk-like” appearance
Adherent to the agar
White to Orange pigment

A

Nocardia spp

204
Q

2 forms of Nocardiosis

A

Pulmonary and Cutaneous

205
Q

Developed colonies of Nocardia give off the aroma of?

A

Wet dirt aroma

206
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Gram-positive
Strict aerobic actinomycetes
Cell wall contains mycolic acid and Tuberculostearic acid
Acid fast bacteria

A

Rhodococcus

207
Q

It is formerly known as Corynebacterium equi

A

Rhodococcus equi

208
Q

The most important human pathogen of Rhodococcus

A

Rhodococcus equi

209
Q

A pleomorphic gram-positive coccobacillus showing some degrees of branching and is weakly acid fast

A

Rhodococcus equi

209
Q

On blood agar, on prolonged incubation at room temperature, the bacteria produce colonies resembling Klebsiella, with production of “PINK PIGMENTS”

A

Rhodococcus equi

210
Q

It is an intracellular pathogen, which multiplies in macrophages

A

Rhodococcus equi

211
Q

True or False

Rhodococci are difficult to treat because they are resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins

A

True

211
Q

True or False

Treatment with:

Vancomycin or Combination of erythromycin and rifampicin is effective for Rhodococci

A

True

211
Q

These 2 Genera were earlier classified with Rhodococcus, because of their morphological similarities to it

A

Gordonia
Tsukamurella

211
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Gram-positive
Aerobic of complex form
Form a “Threadlike net” called a mycelium that bears chains of spores at maturiy

A

Streptomyces

212
Q

Streptomyces spp. that produce antibiotics

A

S. aureofaciens (chlortetracycline)
S. rimosis (oxytetracycline)
S. griseus (streptomycin)
S. erythraeus (erythromycin)
S. venezuelae (chloramphenicol)

212
Q

It is one of the most common causes of actinomycotic mycetoma (maduramycosis or madura foot)

A

Actinomadura

212
Q

Identify the bacteria:

Aerobic actinomycetes
Filamentous bacterium found in soil
Once believed to be a fungus

A

Actinomadura

213
Q

The colony of this bacteria has a:

Glabrous
Waxy
Membranous or mucoid
Heaped and “folded” appearance
Red, pink, yellow, orange, white, or tan colony color

A

Actinomadura

214
Q

What medium is used for Actinomadura that shows aerial hyphae on the surface following 2 weeks of incubation?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen medium

Bacteriology Lecture (11 decks)

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