Lesson 8: The Gram Positive Bacilli - Endospore and Non-spore Forming Flashcards by Merch Paul Eli Silvederio

Which of the following are spore forming and which are not-spore forming bacteria?

Bacillus
Listeria
Clostridia
Corynebacterium

Spore forming: Bacillus and Clostridia

Non-spore forming: Listeria and Corynebacterium

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Which of the following is the obligate aerobe/anaerobe?

Bacillus species
Clostridium species

Obligate aerobes: Bacillus species
Obligate anaerobes: Clostridium species

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Anthrax, Diphtheria, and Listeriosis are caused by what gram-type of bacillus?

Gram-positive

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All Cocci are Gram-Positive except for? MANBV

Megasphera
Acidaminococcus
Neisseria
Bramhamella
Veilonella

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All Bacilli are Gram-Positive except? MCCBELL

Mycobacterium
Corynebacterium
Clostridium
Bacillus
Erysipelothrix
Listeria
Lactobacillus

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What agar can grow Bacillus spp? (SBA and PEA)

Sheeps Blood Agar
Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar

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Spores of Bacillus can be identified with what stain? (SF Stain)

Schaeffer-Fulton stain

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Round and Glass-like colonies

Bacillus spp

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The spores of bacillus contain ___________ which makes them resistant to adverse environment

Calcium dipicolinate

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Its antiphagocytic capsule is composed of D-glutamate

Bacillus anthracis

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2 medically important Bacillus spp

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus

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Where is the anthrax toxin encoded on bacillus anthracis?

Plasmid

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3 forms of Anthrax

Cutaneous
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal

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It is a NON-MOTILE bacillus spp, while others are motile

Bacillus anthracis

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Two exotoxins of anthrax

Edema factor and Lethal factor

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Which subunit of the anthrax exotoxin has the enzymatic activity?

A or active subunit

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Which subunit of the anthrax exotoxin is the protective antigen?

B or binding subunit

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The smears of Bacillus anthracis are stained with? (3)

Gram Stain
Polychrome methylene blue (McFadyean’s stain)
Giemsa Stain

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It is an adenylate cyclase that causes an increase in the intracellular concentration of cAMP

Similar to that of the cholera toxin

Edema factor

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What Biosafety level is a precaution for anthrax toxin?

BSL II

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A protease that cleaves the phosphokinase that activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway

Lethal Factor

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Identify the agar for B. anthracis

Grayish and granular colonies
24 hour incubation
2-3 mm diameter
“Medusa head”

Nutrient agar

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PMB stained smears shown an amorphous purplish material, remnant of the capsular material around the bacillus and it is used for presumptive diagnosis of anthrax in animals

McFadyean’s reaction

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Identify the agar for B. anthracis

Gray or white colonies
Non-hemolytic
Dry, ground-glass appearance
3mm diameter
Sometimes have tails

Blood agar (Horse or Sheep Blood Agar)

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Identify the agar for B. anthracis Contains 0.05-0.5 U of penicillin/mL Large, spherical colonies "String of pearls" surface

Solid medium containing penicillin

This property is useful in differentiation of B. anthracis from B. cereus and other aerobic spore bearers

String of pearls reaction

It is a selective medium used for isolation of B. anthracis from mixtures containing other spore-bearing bacilli. The medium is composed of: Heart infusion agar Polymyxin Lysozyme Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid(EDTA) Thallous acetate

Knisely's Polymyxin B-lysozyme-EDTA-thallous acetate (PLET) agar medium

B. anthracis produces acid from what sugars?

Glucose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Dextrin

These are avirulent and lack capsule type of B. anthracis stain

Rough (R) variants

It is a test for B. anthracis used for RAPID diagnosis when tissue received is putrid and viable bacilli are unlikely to be found

Ascoli's thermoprecipitation test

Identify the agar for B. anthracis Growth on the stab line Lateral spikes "Inverted fir tree" appearance Liquefaction is slow and late (7 days at 20C) and starts at the surface

Gelatin medium

Capsulated bacteria on serum or bicarbonate medium produce this type of colonies.

Mucoid or smooth(S) colony type

This test for B. anthracis is used to demonstrate serum IgG against PA

ELISA Test

This genus of Gram-positive bacilli are capable of forming endospores which are typically wider than the bodies of the bacilli resembling a spindle shape appearance

Clostridium

B. anthracis demonstrate a weak lecithinase reaction, which gives a narrow zone of opalescence around the colonies on what type of agar?

Egg-yolk agar

True or False B. anthracis a NITRATE reducer

True

B. anthracis does not produce acid from these sugars.

Lactose Arabinose D-xylose D-mannitol

It is the most important feature of clostridia

Ability to produce endospores

Bacillus cereus can be isolated from feces by using selective media such as?

MYPA (mannitol, egg yolk, polymyxin, phenol red, and agar) PEMBA (polymyxin, egg yolk, mannitol, bromthymol blue)

Bacteria related to fried rice because it can survive steaming and rapid frying

Bacillus cereus

Identify the agar for B. cereus Large, feathery, spreading, dull Gray and granular Opaque with rough matted surface Irregular perimeters Beta-hemolytic

Blood agar

Culture of B. cereus can is identified if there is growth on what types of agar?

5% sheep blood agar Chocolate agar Routine culture media Nutrient broths

It is generally used as a toxin detection system for B. cereus

Microslide gel diffusion test

Following two weeks of incubation, aerial hyphae may develop on the surface on what media for B. cereus?

Lowenstein-Jensen medium

3 major clinical syndromes caused by Clostridium species

Tetanus Gas gangrene Botulism

True or False Most species of Clostridium are harmless saprophytes and are present as normal flora in the GIT of humans and animals

True

Only 2 NON-CAPSULATED clostridia species

C. perfringens C. butyricum

True or False Clostridia are more associated with these: Skin and soft tissue infections Antibiotic-associated diarrhea Food poisoning

True

What type of flagella does Clostridium species have?

Peritrichous flagella

Identify the clostridia species based on the spore Central spore "Spindle shape"

C. bifermentans

Identify the clostridia species based on the spore Subterminal spores "Club shape"

C. perfringens

Identify the clostridia species based on the spore Oval terminal spores "Tennis racket shape"

C. tertium

Identify the clostridia species based on the spore Spherical terminal spore

C. tetani

True or False Spores are more resistant forms than the vegetative forms of the bacilli They show a variable degree of resistance to heat, drying, and disinfectants

True

These solutions/substances can kill spores

1% aqueous solution of iodine 2% glutaraldehyde at pH of 7.5-8.5

Spores are particularly resistant to what type of disinfectants

Phenolic disinfectants

Spores of this clostridium spp. can survive boiling at 105C for 3-4 hours

Clostridium botulinum

Spores of these clostridium spp. are rapidly destroyed by boiling for less than 5 minutes

C. perfringens C. tetani

What strain of C. perfringens can survive boiling for several hours

C. perfringens Type-A strains

It is the most important clostridium species causing GAS GANGRENE Also causes necrotic enteritis and food poisoning

Clostridium perfringens

Identify the Bacteria based on morphology Large, rectangular Gram-positive bacillus 4-6 mm in length Straight bacillus with parallel sides Round and truncated ends Capsulated Nonmotile

Clostridium perfringens

Identify the culture media of C. perfringens Meat is NOT digested but is turned pink Acidic reaction / sour odor in culture Used in isolation of C. perfringens when specimens are contaminated with other clostridial species

Robertson's cooked meat (RCM) broth

Inoculation of the specimens in RCM media Temperature: Time:

Temperature: 45C Time: 4-6 minutes

Identify the culture media of C. perfringens Prolonged incubation produces DUAL ZONE of hemolysis Narrow zone: complete hemolysis by thetatoxin Wider zone: incomplete hemolysis by alpha-toxin

Blood agar (Human, Sheep, or Rabbit)

In the blood agar for C. perfringens, the dual zone (narrow and wide) of hemolysis is caused by?

Narrow: Thetatoxin (complete) Wide: Alpha-toxin (incomplete)

Does C. perfringens ferment sugar?

Yes (glucose, lactose, sucrose, and maltose)

Does C. perfringens produce H2S (Hydrogen sulfide) and reduce Nitrate to Nitrite?

Yes

Identify the bacteria based on the IMVC test Methyl Red: Positive (+) Voges-Proskauer: Negative (-) Indole: Negative (-)

Clostridium perfringens

Since C. perfringens ferments lactose with the production of acid in litmus milk, the color of the medium changes from blue to red. What substance of the milk is coagulated by the production of acid?

Casein of the milk

When C. perfringens ferments lactose, there is a formation of a clot and it breaks which adheres to the sides of the glass tube. This reaction is known as?

Stormy fermentation

Identify the test used for C. perfringens Rapid Detection Uses "Lecithinase" Produces "opalescence" in the serum and in the egg yolk media

Nagler reaction

This test for C. perfringens contains: 6% agar 5% Fildes peptic digest of sheep blood 20% human serum Antibiotic neomycin sulfate 1/2 with antitoxin 1/2 without antitoxin

Nagler Test

True or False C. perfringens are sensitive to metronidazole and penicillin

True

4 major toxins produced by C. perfringens

alpha beta epsilon iota-toxin

5 strains of C. perfringens

A, B, C, D, E strains

It is the most important toxin produced by all strains of C. perfringens

Alpha-toxin

Largest volumes of alpha-toxin are provided by what strain of C. perfringens?

Type A strain

This toxin of C. perfringens is responsible for toxemia typically observed during gas gangrene

Alpha-toxin

This toxin of C. perfringens causes lysis of RBCs, WBCS, platelets, and endothelial cells

Alpha-toxin

This toxin of C. perfringens is observed best on incubation at 37C followed by re-incubation at 4C (hot-cold lysis)

Alpha toxin

This toxin of C. perfringens causes necrotic lesions in necrotizing enteritis

Beta-toxin

This toxin of C. perfringens is a lethal toxin, which produces necrotic lesions and increases vascular permeability

Iotta-toxin

This toxin of C. perfringens is a prototoxin, which is activated by trypsin. This toxin increases vascular permeability of the wall of gastrointestinal tract

Epsilon-toxin

Minor toxins of C. perfringens

Delta Theta Kappa Lambda Mu Nu

It is a toxin of C. perfringens: Lethal Hemolytic to sheep, goat, cattle, red cells, and etc

Delta Toxin

It is a toxin of C. perfringens: Oxygen-labile hemolysin Cytolytic toxin

Theta-toxin

It is a toxin of C. perfringens: Collagenase

Kappa-toxin

It is a toxin of C. perfringens: A proteinase A gelatinase

Lambda-toxin

It is a toxin of C. perfringens: A hyaluronidase

Mu toxin

It is a toxin of C. perfringens: A deoxyribonuclease

Nu-toxin

This toxin is produced by type A strain of C. perfringens Heat-labile Produced during the stage of sporulation of vegetative cells to form spores, which is stimulated by alkaline environment of the small intestine

Enterotoxin

It is the most important enzyme of C. perfringens that alters the cell surface ganglioside receptors and promotes capillary permeability Hint: Ganglioside = ganglia = brain related

Neuraminidase

This soluble substance produced by C. perfringens acts specifically on muscle tissue and may be responsible for typical muscle lesions observed in GAS GANGRENE

Bursting factor

This soluble substance produced by C. perfringens increases ADRENALINE sensitivity of the capillary membrane and also inhibits phagocytosis

Circulatory factor

It is a rapidly spreading edematous myonecrotic life-threatening condition caused by C. perfringens in association with extensive muscle trauma contaminated with C. perfringens or other pathogenic clostridia

Gas Gangrene or Clostridial Myonecrosis

Other name of Gas Gangrene

Clostridial Myonecrosis

It is caused by C. perfringens TYPE C and is an acute necrotizing condition of the jejunum Characterized by abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, shock, and peritonitis

Necrotizing enteritis

Necrotizing enteritis is known as what in Papa New Guinea?

Pigbel

Necrotizing enteritis is known as what in Germany?

Darmbrand (fire bowels)

Strain of C. perfringens that is part of the normal flora where they are found in soil, dust, and air

Type A

Strain of C. perfringens that colonize the intestinal tracts of animals and occasionally humans. Their spores do not survive in soil.

Type B, C, D and F

Identify the bacteria Obligate anaerobe Gram-positive Causes tetanus

Clostridium tetani

It is an infectious disorder characterized by an increased muscle tone and spasms caused by the release of a neurotoxin, "tetanospasmin", produced by C. tetani when it gets inoculated into humans

Tetanus

What strain of C. tetani is non-motile because it does not have a flagella?

Type VI C. tetani

Identify the media used for C. tetani Produces turbidity with production of some gas in the medium Meat is not digested, but turns "BLACK"

Robertson's Cooked Medium (RCM)

What hemolysin is produced by C. tetani that converts alpha-hemolysis to beta-hemolysis on prolonged incubation?

Tetanolysin

Identify the media used for C. tetani produces "Alpha-hemolysis" which becomes "Beta-hemolytic" on prolonged incubation due to the production of TETANOLYSIS Surface colonies tend to swarm over the entire surface of the agar Fine translucent film of growth, which is difficult to visualize except at the edges of the colonies

Blood agar

C. tetani are classified into how many serological types based on AGGLUTINATION?

10 serological types (Types I to X)

Identify the media of C. tetani Bacillus produces a "Fir-tree" type of growth under anaerobic incubation

Gelatin Stab Culture

True or False C. tetani is NOT a sugar fermenter

True

It is the toxin responsible for the clinical manifestation of tetanus

Tetanospasmin

True or False C. tetani has mild proteolytic activity BUT completely lacks saccharolytic activity

True

Identify the media of C. tetani: Inoculation at bottom of the slope Anaerobic incubation for 24 hours Yields a "Pure" colony at top of the slope Method: Fildes technique

Nutrient agar slope

It is a routine method for isolating pure colonies of C. tetani

Fildes Technique (Nutrient agar slope)

C. tetani spores are killed by what solution/chemical substance?

1% aqueous solution of iodine 10% hydrogen peroxide

True or False C. tetani can be killed by: - 5% phenol - 0.1 mercuric chloride solution

False, they can only be killed by 1% iodine solution or 10% hydrogen peroxide

True or False C. tetani does not produce H2S and does not reduce nitrates

True

Identify the bacteria based on IMVC test Indole: Positive (+) Methyl Red: Negative (-) Voges Proskauer: Negative (-)

C. tetani

Tetanus toxin is made into toxoid by treating it with?

Formaldehyde

These are the two major toxins of C. tetani which are pharmacologically and antigenically distinct

Tetanolysin Tetanospasmin

Identify the bacteria based on the medium Produces a greenish fluorescence on MacConkey medium, which contains NEUTRAL RED

C. tetani

It is a recently identified toxin of C. tetani

Non-spasmogenic toxin or Neurotoxin

Identify the toxin of C. tetani 3rd toxin recently identified Non-spasmogenic

Neurotoxin

This toxin acts by preventing the release of Neurotransmitters, such as Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA), glycine, etc, thereby specifically blocking synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord

Tetanospasmin

True or False Tetanus toxoid is antigen but nontoxic

True

Identify the toxin of C. tetani Oxygen and heat-labile hemolysin Related to clostridial hemolysins and streptolysin O Does not play any role in the pathogenesis of tetanus

Tetanolysin

Function of each chains of Tetanospasmin Heavy chain: Light chain:

Heavy chain: responsible for specific binding to neural cells and for protein transport Light chain: blocks the release of two major inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA and glycine)

Common incubation period of tetanus

6-12 days

Type of tetanus (4)

Generalized tetanus Neonatal tetanus Localized tetanus Cephalic tetanus

Are swabs from the wounds good specimens for C. tetani identification?

Identify the bacteria Heterogenous group of spore-forming bacteria Anaerobic Gram-positive Causes "botulism"

Clostridium botulinum

It is a paralytic disease with the presentation of food poisoning

Botulism

C. botulinum is gram-positive(+) in young cultures less than how many hours?

Less than 18 hours old

True or False C. botulinum is motile by the presence of peritrichous flagella, and possesses subterminal and oval bulging spores It is also NON-CAPSULATED

True

Identify the agar of C. botulinum produces large, irregular, and semitransparent colonies "Irregular fimbriated" border

Blood agar

What sugar does C. botulinum ferment?

Glucose

What enzyme is produced by the formation of iridescent film on C. botulinum colonies grown on EGG YOLK AGAR?

Lipase

How many types of C. botulinum are there on the basis of the antigenic specificities of their toxins?

7 types (A to G)

It is the major virulence factor of C. botulinum

Botulinum toxin (exotoxin)

The botulinum toxin is inactivated for how many minutes? Cooking at 80C: Boiling at 100C:

Cooking: 30-40 minutes Boiling: 10 minutes

Botulinum toxin consists of two subunits A and B, what is their function?

Subunit A: light chain, a neurotoxin Subunit B: heavy chain, prevents the neurotoxin(chain A) from being inactivated by stomach acid

It is the most potent NATURALLY occurring toxin known to mankind

Botulinum toxin

Lethal does of botulinum toxin in humans?

1-2g

All toxins of C. botulinum are "neurotoxins" except for?

The neurotoxin of C. botulinum acts specifically on cholinergic nerves. It acts by preventing the release of a neurotransmitter, which is?

Acetylcholine

What are the 2 most potent toxins of C. botulinum?

Toxins A and B

What toxins of C. botulinum appears to be mediated by bacteriophages?

Types C and D

It is a type of botulism caused by toxins produced by C. botulinum present in the intestine

Infant botulism

It is a type of botulism caused by toxins produced in a C. botulinum contaminated wound

Wound botulism

A type of botulism where food poisoning occurs on ingestion of "preformed" toxins in food contaminated with C. botulinum Death is due to respiratory paralysis and occurs in 1-7 days after onset of the disease

Food-borne botulism

It is a type of botulism caused by neurotoxins produced in vivo by C. botulinum that have colonized the gastrointestinal tract of the infants

Infant botulism

A type of botulism from heavy contamination of wounds with soil or water containing C. botulinum spores Incubation period: 4-14 days

Wound botulism

True or False Wound botulism is similar to Food-borne botulism except that the incubation period is longer

True

What type of botulinum cause avian and nonhuman mammalian disease?

Types C and D

True or False Food-borne botulism is more common than infant botulism

False, Infant botulism is more common

Food-borne botulism is caused by what types?

Types A, B, and F

Wound botulism is very rare and is caused by what type of strain?

Type A

Infant botulism occurs following ingestion of C. botulinum spores present in infant food such as?

Honey

Identify the type of botulinum based on the specimen type: Wound pus and exudates

Wound botulism

Identify the type of botulinum based on the specimen type: Food by culture Toxin in food or feces

Food-borne botulism

Identify the type of botulinum based on the specimen type: Isolation of bacilli and detection of botulinum toxin in feces of the patient

Infant botulism

It was first described in 1935 from the feces of healthy newborns and was initially not thought to be a pathogen

Clostridium difficile

Identify the bacteria: Long slender Gram-positive Anaerobic Large, oval, and terminal spores Non-hemolytic Saccharolytic Mild proteolytic

Clostridium difficile

It is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis

C. difficile

What are the 2 antigenically distinct toxin of C. difficile?

Toxin A - enterotoxin Toxin B - cytotoxin

It is a test that has been employed to detect the presence of "Glutamate Dehydrogenase", produced by C. difficile, for the diagnosis of C. difficile diarrhea

Latex agglutination test

Identify the bacteria: Normal flora in skin, URT, and Urogenital tract Gram-positive Aerobic or Facultative anaerobe Non-motile Non-spore forming Club-shaped, irregular-shaped, v-shaped arrangements in normal growth Believed to be "mainly contaminants"

Corynebacterium spp.

Is corynebacteria catalase positive or negative?

Catalase-positive

In Gram stain, it shows bacteria in short chains or clumps resembling "CHINESE LETTERS"

Corynebacterium

A bacteria from the greek word, koryne, meaning club, and bacterion, meaning little rod

Corynebacteria

It is the most widely studied species of Corynebacteria and is the causal agent of "Diphtheria"

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Non-diphtherial corynebacteria are collectively referred to as?

Diphtheroids

It is an acute respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low-grade fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and nose

Diphtheria

It is a Gram-positive bacillus showing maximum "pleomorphism" on Gram-staining Palisades appearance or V and L formation

C. diphtheria

This pattern formation of C. diphtheria is caused by the incomplete separation of the daughter cells during division when the organism is grown on nutritionally inadequate media, such as "Coagulated Egg Medium" or "Loeffler's Coagulated Serum"

Chinese letter pattern or Cuneiform Arrangement

C. diphtheria have 2-3 granules at the swollen ends, which gives "reddish purple color" when stained with?

Loeffler alkaline methylene blue

Granules of C. diphtheria are also known as?

Babes-Ernst granules/ Metachromatic granules/ Volutin Granules

Granules of C. diphtheria are the accumulation of polymerized ________, which are responsible for the "BEADED" appearance of the bacteria

Phosphates

3 special stains used for granule demonstration of C. diphtheria

Albert stain Neisser stain Ponder stain

Identify the culture media for C. diphtheria Enriched medium Characteristic morphology is best seen here Produces a "luxuriant growth" in 4-6 hours at 37C Initial incubation: (White, circular, opaque colony) Prolonged incubation: (Large, Yellow Tint)

Loeffler's serum slope

2 examples of selective media used for diphtheria culture

Macleod's or Hoyle's tellurite blood agar media

Concentration of tellurite present in the media that inhibits growth of other contaminant bacteria

0.04%

Identify the culture media for C. diphtheria Gray or Black colored colonies 48 hours of incubation

Tellurite agar

C. diphtheria reduces tellurite to ___________, which is incorporated in the colonies that gives a "Gray" or "Black" color

Metallic tellurium

3 distinct biotypes of C. diphtheria based on colony morphologies on "CYSTEINE-TELLURITE AGAR"

Mitis Intermedius Gravis

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype (mitis, intermedius, gravis) Small, round Convex Black

Mitis

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype (mitis, intermedius, gravis) Small, Flat Gray

Intermedius

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype (mitis, intermedius, gravis) Large, Irregular Gray

Gravis

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype Daisy head colony Uniform staining Malt surface Brittle consistency

Gravis

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype Frog's egg colony Irregular staining Shining surface Weak buttery consistency

Intermedius

Identify the C. diphtheria biotype Poached egg colony Irregular staining Glossy surface Buttery consistency

Mitis

Only biotype of C. diphtheria that is not a starch fermenter

Intermedius

What sugars does C. diphtheria ferment?

Glucose Galactose Maltose Dextrin

What is always used for testing fermentation of sugars for C. diphtheria?

Hiss's serum water

Which sugars are not fermented by C. diphtheria?

Lactose Mannitol Sucrose

True or False Diphtheria bacilli are readily killed by heating at 58C for 10 minutes and at 100C for 1 minute

True

A type of bacilli that is destroyed by the usual strengths of antiseptics

C. diphtheria

Diphtheria toxin is produced only by strains of C. diphtheria that are lysogenized with bacteriophages that contain the structural gene (________) for the toxin molecule(________)

Structural gene: Tox gene Toxin molecule: Tox1 strains

How can iron influence toxin production in diphtheria?

When DNA of the phage becomes integrated into the genetic material of C. diphtheriae, the bacteria develop the capability of producing the polypeptide toxin. The gene for toxin production occurs on the chromosome of the prophage, but a bacterial repressor protein controls the expression of this gene. The repressor is activated by iron, and it is in this way that iron influences toxin production.

Identify the bacteria: Causes nosocomial infections Pyrazidamidase positive Produces infections after prosthetic device implants Resistant to most antimicrobial agents

Corynebacterium jeikeium

Identify the bacteria: Causes UTI Slow grower Rapid urease producer

Corynebacterium urealyticum

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify) CTBA Halo: + Esculin Hydrolysis: - Gelatinase: - Nitrate: + Urease: -

C. diphtheria

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify) CTBA Halo: - Esculin Hydrolysis: - Gelatinase: - Nitrate: - Urease: - All are negative

C. jeikeium

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify) CTBA Halo: + Esculin Hydrolysis: - Gelatinase: + Nitrate: - Urease: +

C. ulcerans

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify) CTBA Halo: + Esculin Hydrolysis: - Gelatinase: - Nitrate: -/+ Urease: +

C. pseudotuberculosis

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify) CTBA Halo: - Esculin Hydrolysis: - Gelatinase: - Nitrate: - Urease: + Only positive for urease (Hint: it has urea in the name)

C. urealyticum

Differential Tests for Corynebacterium Spp. (Identify) CTBA Halo: - Esculin Hydrolysis: - Gelatinase: - Nitrate: + Urease: +

C. pseudodipthericum

Identify the bacteria Gram-positive rod Resembles corynebacteria and streptococci Resemble diphtheroids in stained smears Beta-hemolytic colonies on blood agar Catalase-positive Can grow slowly in cold temperatures (1C)

Listeria monocytogenes

Tumbling motility in fluid media at 25C that distinguishes them from corynebacteria

Listeria monocytogenes

3 serotypes of Listeria that are majority in human cases

1/2a 1/2b 4b

What major component of the cell wall of listeria differentiates the serotypes?

Techoic acid composition

What serotype of Listeria accounts for almost all "food-borne" listeriosis outbreaks There are BOTH galactose and glucose substituents in its N-acetylglucosamine

A gram-positive bacilli that can be transmitted transplacentally to the fetus

Listeria monocytogenes

It is a surface protein of Listeria that causes a local reorganization of the cytoskeleton of the cell and stimulates its own entry in a membrane-bound vacuole.

Internalin

In Listeria monocytogenes, the invading bacteria rapidly escape into the host cell cytosol by elaborating this cytotoxin similar to streptolysin O

Listeriolysin O (LLO)

Identify the bacteria: Slender, straight, slightly curved Gram-positive bacillus Non-motile Non-spore forming Non-capsulated Catalase-negative (-) H2S negative Negative for IMVC Natural parasite of swines, mice, rabbit, turkeys, and etc

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Identify the media used for E. rhusiopathiae: 24-48 hrs incubation Convex and Translucent colony Variable zone of "a-hemolysis"

Blood agar

On tellurite agar, E. rhusiopathiae produces what color of colonies?

Black colonies

It is the pathogenic agent causing pharyngitis and cutaneous infections among US service members and indigenous people in South Pacific

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum

It was named as the 'Secretive Bacteria"

Arcanobacterium

What is the major human pathogen in the Arcanobacterium group?

A. haemolyticum

What does A. haemolyticum lack which would indicate that it is a non-streptococcal origin even though it has a beta-hemolytic effect?

Lancefield group antigen

An arcanobacterium spp. which is an animal pathogen and as a major cause of "MASTITIS" in lovestock

Arcanobacterium pyogenes

An arcanobacterium spp. which is non-branching on Gram-stain and have rare occurrences described causing: -bacteremia -musculoskeletal -eye infections

Arcanobacterium bernardiae

Identify the bacteria: Gram-positive Non-acid fast Composed of "coccoid cells" Non-spore forming Non-encapsulated

Kurthia gibsonii Kurthia zopfii

Identify the bacteria: 1. Yeast Nutrient Agar - rhizoid colonies - loops and whorls of chains of rods at the edge - "Medusa head" appearance similar to B. anthracis 2. Nutrient Gelatin Slant - "Bird's Feather" appearance

Kurthia gibsonii Kurthia zopfii

True or False K. gibsonii and K. zopfii are: Catalase-positive Oxidase-negative

True

True or False Kurthia species are aerobic and are non-fermenters

True

This species have been implicated as "opportunistic" pathogens reported to cause ENDOCARDITIS

Kurthia spp.

Identify the bacteria: Gram-positive Catalase-positive Non-motile bacilli Considered to be transitional forms between bacteria and fungi

Actinomycetes

Bacteria that possess cell walls containing muramic acid but are also similar to fungi that form delicate filaments called "Hyphae" similar to the hyphal form in fungi

Actinomycetes

Aerobic actinomycetes can be classified into two groups which are?

Actinomycetes with Mycolic acid Actinomycetes without Mycolic acid

Actinomycetes with Mycolic Acid includes 3 families which are? (CoMyNo)

Corynebacteriaceae Mycobacteriaceae Nocardiaceae

The family Nocardiaceae consists of 4 genera which are? (NoRhoTsuGo)

Nocardia Rhodococcus Tsukamurella Gordonia

Actinomycetes without Mycolic Acid includes opportunistic pathogens such as? (TT AND SOR)

Tropheryma Thermophilic actinomycetes Actinomadura Nocardiopsis Dermatophilus Streptomyces Oerskovia Rothia

3 Thermophilic actinomycetes

Saccharopolyspora Saccharomonospora Thermoactinomyces

Most common actinomyces causing human infection

Actinomyces Israeli

Identify the bacteria: Gram-positive Non-motile Non-sporing Non-acid fast bacilli Grow in filaments Separate into "bacillary and coccoid" filaments

Actinomyces israeli

Identify the culture for A. israeli: Enriched medium used frequently for Actinomyces "Molar-tooth appearance"

Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar Heart infusion agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated rabbit, sheep, or horse blood

Identify the culture media used for A. israeli: Heart infusion blood and thioglycolate blood supplemented with 0.1-0.2% sterile rabbit serum

Liquid media

These bacteria are present as normal flora of the "ORAL CAVITY" and also in the lower GIT and female genital tract of human hosts

Actinomyces spp.

It is a subacute and chronic bacterial infection characterized by contiguous spread and suppurative and granulomatous inflammation

Actinomycosis

Actinomycosis is associated with the formation of multiple abscesses and development of sinus tracts discharging "WHITE TO YELLOWISH GRANULES" known as?

Sulphur granules

What is the color of Sulphur granules?

White to Yellowish

Sulfur granules of Actinomyces are crushed between two slides and are stained by ______ or _______ staining method using 1% sulfuric acid for decolorization

Gram staining or Ziehl-Neelsen staining method

Stained smears on Microscopic examination showing a "Sun-ray" appearance or "Ray of sun" appearance

Actinomyces

Identify the bacteria: Gram-positive Rod-shaped Shows "True branching"

Nocardia spp.

Nocardia species most common in human infections and are "WEAKLY ACID FAST"

Nocardia asteroides Nocardia brasiliensis

Colonies initially have: Dry, wrinkled "chalk-like" appearance Adherent to the agar White to Orange pigment

Nocardia spp

2 forms of Nocardiosis

Pulmonary and Cutaneous

Developed colonies of Nocardia give off the aroma of?

Wet dirt aroma

Identify the bacteria: Gram-positive Strict aerobic actinomycetes Cell wall contains mycolic acid and Tuberculostearic acid Acid fast bacteria

Rhodococcus

It is formerly known as Corynebacterium equi

Rhodococcus equi

The most important human pathogen of Rhodococcus

Rhodococcus equi

A pleomorphic gram-positive coccobacillus showing some degrees of branching and is weakly acid fast

Rhodococcus equi

On blood agar, on prolonged incubation at room temperature, the bacteria produce colonies resembling Klebsiella, with production of "PINK PIGMENTS"

Rhodococcus equi

It is an intracellular pathogen, which multiplies in macrophages

Rhodococcus equi

True or False Rhodococci are difficult to treat because they are resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins

True

True or False Treatment with: Vancomycin or Combination of erythromycin and rifampicin is effective for Rhodococci

True

These 2 Genera were earlier classified with Rhodococcus, because of their morphological similarities to it

Gordonia Tsukamurella

Identify the bacteria: Gram-positive Aerobic of complex form Form a "Threadlike net" called a mycelium that bears chains of spores at maturiy

Streptomyces

Streptomyces spp. that produce antibiotics

S. aureofaciens (chlortetracycline) S. rimosis (oxytetracycline) S. griseus (streptomycin) S. erythraeus (erythromycin) S. venezuelae (chloramphenicol)

It is one of the most common causes of actinomycotic mycetoma (maduramycosis or madura foot)

Actinomadura

Identify the bacteria: Aerobic actinomycetes Filamentous bacterium found in soil Once believed to be a fungus

Actinomadura

The colony of this bacteria has a: Glabrous Waxy Membranous or mucoid Heaped and "folded" appearance Red, pink, yellow, orange, white, or tan colony color

Actinomadura

What medium is used for Actinomadura that shows aerial hyphae on the surface following 2 weeks of incubation?

Lowenstein-Jensen medium