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Bacteriology Lecture > Lesson 12: The Spirochetes and Miscellaneous Bacteria > Flashcards

Lesson 12: The Spirochetes and Miscellaneous Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

These are long, slender, “helically curved”, gram-negative bacilli with the unusual morphologic features of “axial fibrils” and an outer sheath

A

Spirochetes

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2
Q

These appear as slender with tight coils

A

Treponema

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3
Q

Spirochetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, sometimes called as ________, which cause a twisting motion that allows spirochetes to move about.

A

Axial filaments

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3
Q

This covers the whole organism of the Treponema pallidum

A

Outer periplast

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3
Q

Spirochetes are divided into two families which are?

A

Spirochaetaceae
Leptospiraceae

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3
Q

These are somewhat thicker with fewer and “looser” coils

A

Borrelia

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3
Q

These belong to a phylum of distinctive diderm(double membrane) bacteria, most of which have long, helically-coiled (corkscrew-shaped) cells

A

Spirochetes

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4
Q

True or False

Spirochetes are chemoheterotrophic

A

True

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4
Q

These organisms have 8-24 sharp and angular spirals, at regular intervals of about 1 micrometer

A

Treponemes

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5
Q

The periplast of the Treponema can be removed by digestion with what enzymes?

A

Trypsin or pepsin

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5
Q

One genus of Leptospiraceae that is a pathogenic species

A

Leptospira

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5
Q

These resembles Borrelia except for their hooked ends

A

Leptospira

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5
Q

True or False

There are no genes for catalase or superoxide dismutase for Spirochetes

A

True

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5
Q

These are obligate intracellular parasites (2)

A

Chlamydia and Rickettsia

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5
Q

Using the exudate from the chancre, the organism can be demonstrated by?

A

India ink or
Fontana’s silver impregnation method

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6
Q

What disease does Borrelia recurrentis cause?

A

Relapsing fever

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6
Q

Two genera of Spirochaetaceae that are pathogenic to man

A

Treponema
Borrelia

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6
Q

Dilution of Giemsa stain for T. pallidum

A

1:10 dilution

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6
Q

What disease does these 3 bacteria cause?

Borrelia burgdorferi
B. garinii
B. afzelii

A

Lyme disease

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6
Q

What disease do Treponema species cause?

A

Treponematoses

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6
Q

What disease do Leptospira species cause?

A

Leptospirosis

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6
Q

T. pallidum stained with Giemsa appears to be what color?

A

Pink

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6
Q

It was first discovered by German scientist Schaudinn in the primary sores(Chancres) of a syphilitic patient

A

Treponema pallidum

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7
Q

What disease does these 2 bacteria cause?

Brachyspira pilosicoli
Brachyspira aalborgi

A

Intestinal spirochaetosis

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8
Q

In tissues, spirochetes can be stained by this method which silver salts are allowed to penetrate the inside of the cells

A

Levaditi’s silver impregnation method

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8
Q

Using Levaditi’s silver impregnation method for T. pallidum, the metallic silver is then precipitated inside the spirochetes by means of a reducing solution. The organism will appear as?

A

Black against a yellow-black bacground

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9
Q

T. pallidum in preservation media lasts for?

A

18-21 days

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10
Q

Aside from Giemsa, what other stain can be used to visualize T. pallidum?

A

Dieterle stain

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11
Q

T. pallidum cannot be cultivated artificially, but the pathogenic strain __________ can be grown in TESTICLES of experimentally inoculated rabbit

A

Nichol’s strain

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12
Q

Other non-pathogenic strains like _________ can be cultivated under strict anaerobic conditions in Smith Noguchi medium

A

Reiter strain

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13
Q

3 Types of Antibodies of Treponema

A

Reagin antibodies
Group antigen
Polysaccharide antigen

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14
Q

After 6-12 weeks of appearance of the primary chancre, this develops with the “invasion of the blood stream” and widely distributed throughout the body

A

Secondary Syphilis

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14
Q

These antibodies of T. pallidum react in “standard” or “non-specific” test for syphilis

A

Reagin antibodies

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14
Q

True or False

Spirochetes are present in large numbers in the exudate of the primary chancre

A

True

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15
Q

This is found in pathogenic and non-pathogenic treponemes

A

Group antigen

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15
Q

These are species-specific, and demonstrated by specific T. pallidum tests

A

Polysaccharide antigen

16
Q

Who are the ONLY natural host of T. pallidum?

A

Humans

17
Q

It is a small hard painless nodule at the site of entry of the pathogen that may also occur on lips, tongue, tonsils, anus, or other skin areas

A

Chancre

17
Q

This typically consists of a proliferation of adventitial cells; perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells; and swelling and proliferation of endothelial cells

A

Perivascular inflammation

18
Q

Incubation period of primary syphilis which is with an initial sore on the genitalia

A

4-6 weeks

19
Q

In primary syphilis, as the sore heals, the organism becomes less and may not be demonstrated in the exudate, but it may be possible to find them in?

A

Fluid aspiration by lymph gland puncture

19
Q

The clinical manifestations in this stage are:

Fever
Generalized “Roseolar” skin rash
Mucous patches in the mouth
Condylomata of the anus and vulva

A

Secondary Syphilis

20
Q

Spirochetes when present in the spinal cord causes?

A

ill tabes

20
Q

In this stage of Syphilis, the spirochetes become “localized” produce low grade inflammatory lesions in the Cardiovascular and CNS and in Chronic granulomata (gummata) in the skin, bone, and internal organs

A

Tertiary Syphilis

20
Q

These are types of Syphilis that can be detected 5-15 years after the appearance of primary chancre

A

Tabes dorsalis
Meningo cardiovascular syphilis

20
Q

The most frequent, serious and disabling results of syphilitic infection are disease of heart, arteries, causing “sac-like dilation” called?

A

Aneurysm

20
Q

Tertiary Syphilis is also called as?

A

Chronic stage

21
Q

Spirochetes when present in the tissue of the brain causes?

A

Paresis or general paralysis

22
Q

True or False

T. pallidum does NOT have the ability to cross the placental barrier

A

False, it can cross the placental barrier and a syphilitic mother especially in secondary syphilitics, may transmit the infection to her fetus

22
Q

The most important defects of later congenital syphilis are:

A

Mental deficiency
Chronic meningitis
Blindness
Deafness

22
Q

Two species of Leptospira

A

L. interrogans = parasitic
L. biflexa = contains free-living organism

23
Q

T. carateum, the non-sexually transmitted treponematoses causes?

A

Yaws and pinta

23
Q

These are finely coiled spirochetes with “hooked ends”

A

Leptospira interrogans

24
Q

L. interrogans are not visible by direct light microscopy unless stained with?

A

Silver impregnation or immunofluorescent methods

25
Q

What kind of microscopy reveals rotational and directional motility by means of periplasmic flagella in Leptospira interrogans?

A

Dark background microscopy

26
Q

Other name of Leptospirosis?

A

Weil’s Disease

27
Q

Two species of Borrelia of importance in humans

A

B. recurrentis = relapsing fever
B. burgdorferi = Lyme disease

28
Q

It is less finely coiled than the Leptospires, stained readily, so it is visible by light microscopy

A

Borrelia

29
Q

B. recurrentis spread from person to person by?

A

Lice

30
Q

Lyme disease caused by B. burgdorferi is a zoonosis transmitted to humans by hard ticks of what spp?

A

Ixodes spp.

31
Q

B. recurrentis demonstrated in blood smears by staining with?

A

Giemsa or
Acridine orange

32
Q

These are obligate intracellular parasites that are the agents of:

Typhus
Spotted fever
Q fever

A

Rickettsiae

33
Q

In the US, there are two rickettsial disease of significance which are?

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever = Rickettsia rickettsii

Q fever = Coxiella burnetii

34
Q

Rickettsialpox is a rare disease caused by?

A

Rickettsia akari

35
Q

These are “very short rods” that are barely visible in the light microscope and their cell wall resembles that of gram-negative rods, but stain poorly with Gram stain

A

Rickettsiae

36
Q

3 Rickettsia spp that possess antigens that cross-react with antigens of the “OX strain” of Proteus vulgaris

A

Rickettsia prowazekii
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Rickettsia rickettsii

37
Q

This test detects anti-rickettsial antibodies in a patient’s serum by agglutination of the Proteus orgaisms, is based on this cross reaction

A

Weil-Felix test

38
Q

What is the causal agent of Q fever?

A

C. burnetii

39
Q

Epidemic typhus’ causal agent is?

A

Rickettsiae prowazekii which is transmitted through body lice

40
Q

These are Gram-negative bacteria that the majority has a “think peptidoglycan” which are not easily detectable

A

Chlamydia

41
Q

Infective and reproductive forms of Chlamydia include?

A

Elementary bodies (EB)
Reticulate bodies

41
Q

Within how many hours after infection do elementary bodies transition to reticulate bodies and a number of new effectors are synthesized

A

6 to 8 hours after infection

41
Q

These are usually present in the “semen” of infected men and vaginal secretions of infected women with Chlamydia

A

Elementary bodies

41
Q

How many hours after infection do reticulate bodies transition to elementary bodies?

A

24 to 72 hours after infection

42
Q

After how many hours after infection do reticulate bodies begin to divide, causing the inclusion to expand?

A

8 to 16 hours after infection

43
Q

It is a zoonotic disease that is transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust contaminated with respiratory secretions or feces of “Infected Birds”

A

Psittacosis / Ornithosis

43
Q

Bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates are observed in what bacterial infection?

A

Chlamydia psittaci

43
Q

It is symptomatically similar to infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Chlamydial NGU (Non-gonococcal urethritis)

44
Q

What serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis cause “lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)”, a more invasive sexually transmitted disease?

A

L1, L2, L3

45
Q

It is characterized by “transient papules” on the external genitalia, followed in 1 to 2 months by painful swelling of inguinal and perirectal lymph nodes

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

46
Q

What serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis cause Chronic keratoconjunctivitis that often results in “Blindness”?

A

A, B, Ba, and C

47
Q

What serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis causes Neonatal conjunctivitis?

A

Serotypes D-K

48
Q

It is a respiratory pathogen causing pharyngitis, sometimes followed by laryngitis, bronchitis, or interstitial pneumonia

A significant cause of “community-acquired respiratory infection”

A

Chlamydia pneumoniae

49
Q

Best collection for chlamydial infections, ocular, urethral, and vaginal cervical specimens?

A

Scraping of the mucosa

50
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis infections of conjunctiva, urethra, and cervix may be diagnosed by demonstrating what inclusion bodies surrounding the nucleus?

A

Reniform inclusion bodies

51
Q

What staining methods are used in Light Microscopy for Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

Giemsa staining
Macchiavello
Castaneda Methods

52
Q

Since the reniform inclusion bodies possess a glycogen matrix, it can also be stained with?

A

Iodine solution

53
Q

True or False

DNA hybridization can be used for the direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival and cervical smears

A

True

54
Q

________________ DNA Probe is used which is specifically complementary to RNA of Chlamydia trachomatis or others based on need

A

Acridinium-ester-labelled stranded DNA Probe

Bacteriology Lecture (11 decks)

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