Lesson 12: The Spirochetes and Miscellaneous Bacteria Flashcards
1
Q
These are long, slender, “helically curved”, gram-negative bacilli with the unusual morphologic features of “axial fibrils” and an outer sheath
A
Spirochetes
2
Q
These appear as slender with tight coils
A
Treponema
3
Q
Spirochetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, sometimes called as ________, which cause a twisting motion that allows spirochetes to move about.
A
Axial filaments
3
Q
This covers the whole organism of the Treponema pallidum
A
Outer periplast
3
Q
Spirochetes are divided into two families which are?
A
Spirochaetaceae
Leptospiraceae
3
Q
These are somewhat thicker with fewer and “looser” coils
A
Borrelia
3
Q
These belong to a phylum of distinctive diderm(double membrane) bacteria, most of which have long, helically-coiled (corkscrew-shaped) cells
A
Spirochetes
4
Q
True or False
Spirochetes are chemoheterotrophic
A
True
4
Q
These organisms have 8-24 sharp and angular spirals, at regular intervals of about 1 micrometer
A
Treponemes
5
Q
The periplast of the Treponema can be removed by digestion with what enzymes?
A
Trypsin or pepsin
5
Q
One genus of Leptospiraceae that is a pathogenic species
A
Leptospira
5
Q
These resembles Borrelia except for their hooked ends
A
Leptospira
5
Q
True or False
There are no genes for catalase or superoxide dismutase for Spirochetes
A
True
5
Q
These are obligate intracellular parasites (2)
A
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
5
Q
Using the exudate from the chancre, the organism can be demonstrated by?
A
India ink or
Fontana’s silver impregnation method
6
Q
What disease does Borrelia recurrentis cause?
A
Relapsing fever
6
Q
Two genera of Spirochaetaceae that are pathogenic to man
A
Treponema
Borrelia
6
Q
Dilution of Giemsa stain for T. pallidum
A
1:10 dilution
6
Q
What disease does these 3 bacteria cause?
Borrelia burgdorferi
B. garinii
B. afzelii
A
Lyme disease
6
Q
What disease do Treponema species cause?
A
Treponematoses
6
Q
What disease do Leptospira species cause?
A
Leptospirosis
6
Q
T. pallidum stained with Giemsa appears to be what color?
A
Pink
6
Q
It was first discovered by German scientist Schaudinn in the primary sores(Chancres) of a syphilitic patient
A
Treponema pallidum
7
Q
What disease does these 2 bacteria cause?
Brachyspira pilosicoli
Brachyspira aalborgi
A
Intestinal spirochaetosis
8
In tissues, spirochetes can be stained by this method which silver salts are allowed to penetrate the inside of the cells
Levaditi's silver impregnation method
8
Using Levaditi's silver impregnation method for T. pallidum, the metallic silver is then precipitated inside the spirochetes by means of a reducing solution. The organism will appear as?
Black against a yellow-black bacground
9
T. pallidum in preservation media lasts for?
18-21 days
10
Aside from Giemsa, what other stain can be used to visualize T. pallidum?
Dieterle stain
11
T. pallidum cannot be cultivated artificially, but the pathogenic strain __________ can be grown in TESTICLES of experimentally inoculated rabbit
Nichol's strain
12
Other non-pathogenic strains like _________ can be cultivated under strict anaerobic conditions in Smith Noguchi medium
Reiter strain
13
3 Types of Antibodies of Treponema
Reagin antibodies
Group antigen
Polysaccharide antigen
14
After 6-12 weeks of appearance of the primary chancre, this develops with the "invasion of the blood stream" and widely distributed throughout the body
Secondary Syphilis
14
These antibodies of T. pallidum react in "standard" or "non-specific" test for syphilis
Reagin antibodies
14
True or False
Spirochetes are present in large numbers in the exudate of the primary chancre
True
15
This is found in pathogenic and non-pathogenic treponemes
Group antigen
15
These are species-specific, and demonstrated by specific T. pallidum tests
Polysaccharide antigen
16
Who are the ONLY natural host of T. pallidum?
Humans
17
It is a small hard painless nodule at the site of entry of the pathogen that may also occur on lips, tongue, tonsils, anus, or other skin areas
Chancre
17
This typically consists of a proliferation of adventitial cells; perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells; and swelling and proliferation of endothelial cells
Perivascular inflammation
18
Incubation period of primary syphilis which is with an initial sore on the genitalia
4-6 weeks
19
In primary syphilis, as the sore heals, the organism becomes less and may not be demonstrated in the exudate, but it may be possible to find them in?
Fluid aspiration by lymph gland puncture
19
The clinical manifestations in this stage are:
Fever
Generalized "Roseolar" skin rash
Mucous patches in the mouth
Condylomata of the anus and vulva
Secondary Syphilis
20
Spirochetes when present in the spinal cord causes?
ill tabes
20
In this stage of Syphilis, the spirochetes become "localized" produce low grade inflammatory lesions in the Cardiovascular and CNS and in Chronic granulomata (gummata) in the skin, bone, and internal organs
Tertiary Syphilis
20
These are types of Syphilis that can be detected 5-15 years after the appearance of primary chancre
Tabes dorsalis
Meningo cardiovascular syphilis
20
The most frequent, serious and disabling results of syphilitic infection are disease of heart, arteries, causing "sac-like dilation" called?
Aneurysm
20
Tertiary Syphilis is also called as?
Chronic stage
21
Spirochetes when present in the tissue of the brain causes?
Paresis or general paralysis
22
True or False
T. pallidum does NOT have the ability to cross the placental barrier
False, it can cross the placental barrier and a syphilitic mother especially in secondary syphilitics, may transmit the infection to her fetus
22
The most important defects of later congenital syphilis are:
Mental deficiency
Chronic meningitis
Blindness
Deafness
22
Two species of Leptospira
L. interrogans = parasitic
L. biflexa = contains free-living organism
23
T. carateum, the non-sexually transmitted treponematoses causes?
Yaws and pinta
23
These are finely coiled spirochetes with "hooked ends"
Leptospira interrogans
24
L. interrogans are not visible by direct light microscopy unless stained with?
Silver impregnation or immunofluorescent methods
25
What kind of microscopy reveals rotational and directional motility by means of periplasmic flagella in Leptospira interrogans?
Dark background microscopy
26
Other name of Leptospirosis?
Weil's Disease
27
Two species of Borrelia of importance in humans
B. recurrentis = relapsing fever
B. burgdorferi = Lyme disease
28
It is less finely coiled than the Leptospires, stained readily, so it is visible by light microscopy
Borrelia
29
B. recurrentis spread from person to person by?
Lice
30
Lyme disease caused by B. burgdorferi is a zoonosis transmitted to humans by hard ticks of what spp?
Ixodes spp.
31
B. recurrentis demonstrated in blood smears by staining with?
Giemsa or
Acridine orange
32
These are obligate intracellular parasites that are the agents of:
Typhus
Spotted fever
Q fever
Rickettsiae
33
In the US, there are two rickettsial disease of significance which are?
Rocky Mountain spotted fever = Rickettsia rickettsii
Q fever = Coxiella burnetii
34
Rickettsialpox is a rare disease caused by?
Rickettsia akari
35
These are "very short rods" that are barely visible in the light microscope and their cell wall resembles that of gram-negative rods, but stain poorly with Gram stain
Rickettsiae
36
3 Rickettsia spp that possess antigens that cross-react with antigens of the "OX strain" of Proteus vulgaris
Rickettsia prowazekii
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Rickettsia rickettsii
37
This test detects anti-rickettsial antibodies in a patient's serum by agglutination of the Proteus orgaisms, is based on this cross reaction
Weil-Felix test
38
What is the causal agent of Q fever?
C. burnetii
39
Epidemic typhus' causal agent is?
Rickettsiae prowazekii which is transmitted through body lice
40
These are Gram-negative bacteria that the majority has a "think peptidoglycan" which are not easily detectable
Chlamydia
41
Infective and reproductive forms of Chlamydia include?
Elementary bodies (EB)
Reticulate bodies
41
Within how many hours after infection do elementary bodies transition to reticulate bodies and a number of new effectors are synthesized
6 to 8 hours after infection
41
These are usually present in the "semen" of infected men and vaginal secretions of infected women with Chlamydia
Elementary bodies
41
How many hours after infection do reticulate bodies transition to elementary bodies?
24 to 72 hours after infection
42
After how many hours after infection do reticulate bodies begin to divide, causing the inclusion to expand?
8 to 16 hours after infection
43
It is a zoonotic disease that is transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust contaminated with respiratory secretions or feces of "Infected Birds"
Psittacosis / Ornithosis
43
Bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates are observed in what bacterial infection?
Chlamydia psittaci
43
It is symptomatically similar to infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydial NGU (Non-gonococcal urethritis)
44
What serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis cause "lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)", a more invasive sexually transmitted disease?
L1, L2, L3
45
It is characterized by "transient papules" on the external genitalia, followed in 1 to 2 months by painful swelling of inguinal and perirectal lymph nodes
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
46
What serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis cause Chronic keratoconjunctivitis that often results in "Blindness"?
A, B, Ba, and C
47
What serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis causes Neonatal conjunctivitis?
Serotypes D-K
48
It is a respiratory pathogen causing pharyngitis, sometimes followed by laryngitis, bronchitis, or interstitial pneumonia
A significant cause of "community-acquired respiratory infection"
Chlamydia pneumoniae
49
Best collection for chlamydial infections, ocular, urethral, and vaginal cervical specimens?
Scraping of the mucosa
50
Chlamydia trachomatis infections of conjunctiva, urethra, and cervix may be diagnosed by demonstrating what inclusion bodies surrounding the nucleus?
Reniform inclusion bodies
51
What staining methods are used in Light Microscopy for Chlamydia trachomatis?
Giemsa staining
Macchiavello
Castaneda Methods
52
Since the reniform inclusion bodies possess a glycogen matrix, it can also be stained with?
Iodine solution
53
True or False
DNA hybridization can be used for the direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival and cervical smears
True
54
________________ DNA Probe is used which is specifically complementary to RNA of Chlamydia trachomatis or others based on need
Acridinium-ester-labelled stranded DNA Probe
