Lesson 9 - Exam Two Flashcards
As we move from large arteries to small arteries, what will change?
- Elastic tissue will decrease.
- Smooth muscle proportion will increase.
True or false: The circulatory system is a discontinuous circuit.
FALSE - The circulatory system is a continuous circuit, starting with the left ventricle and ending in the right atrium.
___________ are high-pressure, and provide resistance
Arteries.
_______ are low-pressure, provide capacitance, and are quite compliant.
Veins.
As you move from artery to vein, what will change?
- Intima (inner most layer of vessel) will stay the same size.
- Media (middle layer of vessel) will decrease in size.
- Adventita (outer most layer of vessel) will increase in size.
True or false: The liver and spleen are the only two structues that have sinusoids, instead of capillaries.
FALSE - The liver, spleen, and bone marrow commonly have sinusoids instead of capillaries.
The function of arterial smooth muscle:
Provides peripheral resistance, and controls blood pressure.
True or false: all functions of the cardiovascular system occurs in the capillary bed.
TRUE.
What are the 3 routes for blood flow from arteries to veins?
- True capillaries.
- Thoroughfare channels
- Metarterioles.
_____________ are shunts, commonly found in the skin of the nose/lips/external ear, submucosa of the nose, alimentary canal, and erectile tissues.
Thoroughfare channels.
______________ Not has exchange vessels, but used for thermo-regulation in the skin.
Metarterioles.
True or false? Precapillary sphincters, the bands of smooth muscle before capillaries, respond only to parasympathetic input.
FALSE - Precapillary sphincters only respond to local factors.
What nerve type innervates smooth muscle in arterioles?
Sympathetic nerves.
__________ capillaries have continuous overlapping basal lamina and cytoplasm.
Continuous capillaries.
___________ capillaries have pores in the cytoplasm with or without a diaphragm. These are found most in the renal tubules, small intestine villi, and endocrine cells.
Fenestrated.
Where are fenestrated capillaries most commonly found?
The small intestine villi, endocrine cells, and renal tubules.
True or false: Fenestrated capillaries with out a diaphragm are a specialized structure found in the glomerulus of the kidney. This functions to use the basal lamina as a permeability barrier.
TRUE.
___________ capillaries have a fragmented or absent basal lamina. Present large cytoplasmic gaps, that allow blood to flow from the arterioles, to the sinusoids, and into the venules.
Discontinuous.
Where are discontinuous capillaries most commonly found?
Venous sinusoids.
Where will we see discontinuous capillaries will have the largest gaps?
In the venous sinusoids.
Function of the glomerulus?
Blood filtration.
True or false: Afferent arterioles will leave the glomerulus and are formed from glomerular capillaries joining together.
FALSE -
1. The afferent arteriole goes into the glomerulus, and provides blood to be filtered.
2. The efferent arteriole leaves the glomerulus, and is formed from glomerular capillaries joining together.
Function of the vasa recta?
Urine production.
What structure branches into the vasa recta?
The efferent arteriole.
______ _______ _______ occurs when a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed, without going to the heart first.
Portal venous system.
What is another name for the portal venous system?
Hypothalamo-anterior pituitary portal system.
True or false: Volume of lymph fluid is equal to the volume of venous return.
FALSE: Volume of lymph fluid is equal to total blood volume over a 24 hour period.
Blood flow from the vasculature to the interstitium is influenced by -
- Hydrostatic pressure.
- Oncotic pressure.
Blow flow from the interstitium to the lymphatic vessels is only influenced by hydrostatic, why not oncotic pressure?
Because proteins can diffuse freely in and out of the lymphatic vessels.
What is different between lymph and plasma?
Lymph has more lymphocytes.
Function of lymph fluid:
- Maintain blood volume.
- Get rid of unwanted material.
- Intiate immune responses.
What tissues do not have lymphatic vessels?
Cartilage, bone epithelia, CNS, bone marrow, and placenta.
Step #1 of lymphatic circulation:
Blind-ending lymphatic capillaries that contain 1-way mini-valves, will have have interstitial fluid flow in as pressure builds.
Step #2 of lymphatic circulation:
Lymphatic capillaries join to form larger vessels, with 1-way valves to start flow. Flow will be propelled by skeletal muscle pump, tissue pressure, and contraction of lymph vessel smooth muscle.
Step #3 of lymphatic circulation:
Vessels are interrupted by lymph nodes, where the lymph is filtered and more lymphocytes will enter the lymph fluid.
Step #4 of lymphatic circulation:
Upper right quadrant of lymphatic vessels will drain into the right lymphatic duct, which goes to the right subclavian vein.
Step #5 of lymphatic circulation:
Rest of bodies lymphatic vessels will drain into the thoracic duct, which will go into the left subclavian vein.
Step #6 of lymphatic circulation:
Lymphatic capillaries in the intestinal villi, absorb and transport most lipids as chylomicrons. The cleaned lymph (chyle) is collected in the cysterna chyli at the distal end of the thoracic duct.
Terminal lymphatics lack a ______________ and _______________. Allowing large proteins and metastasizing cancer cells, to enter the circulatory system via the lymphatic system.
- Basal lamina
- tight junctions.
True or false: 500-600 lymph nodes in the body, mostly in the thorax/abdomen/groin/neck/axilla.
TRUE.
Lymph nodes contain a large amount of what cells?
- B lymphocytes.
- T lymphocytes.
- NK Cells.
What symptoms would indicate a malignant problem in the lymph nodes?
- Lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement)
- Painless.
What symptoms would indicate an inflammatory or viral problem in the lymph nodes?
- Lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement)
- Painful.
What are the effects of a lymphoma or metastatic foci on the lymph node, as seen in histological slides?
It will efface (destroy) the lymph node’s natural architecture as they grow.
What are the effects of an inflammatory or viral disease of the lymph nodes, as seen in histological slides?
It will modify the structure of the lymph nodes, but will not destroy the natural architecture.
Primary lymphoid organs:
- Bone marrow.
- Thymus.
Secondary lymphoid organs:
- lymph nodes.
- Spleen.
- Tonsils.
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) (Peyers patches)
Macrophages and dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) are accessory cells, that are derived from _________
Monocytes>
Follicular dendritic cells are accessory cells that are derived from ____________.
Mesenchymal cells.
