Lesson #10 - Exam 2

Question 1

Cell injury will ensure following what?

Answer 1

disruption of homeostatic cellular mechanisms.

Question 2

How does Ca++ overload cause cell injury?

Answer 2

Increased calcium causes dysfunction of:
1. ATPase - Decreased ATP production.
2. Phospholipase - Decreased production of phospholipids.
3. Protease - Causes disruption of membrane and cytoskeletal proteins.
4. Endonuclease - Causes nuclear chromatin damage.

Question 3

When there is a lot more calcium in the cytosol compared to the extracellular matrix, ____________________ will occur.

Answer 3

Dystrophic calcification.

Question 4

Two ways to maintain the calcium concentration gradient:

Answer 4

1. Passive impermeability to calcium ions.
2. The ATP-dependant active extrusion of calcium ions out of the cell.

Question 5

True or false: Microscopic deposition of calcium salts will cause reversible cell injury .

Answer 5

FALSE - MACROscopic deposition of calcium salts will cause lethal cell injury and calcification of structures.

Question 6

___________ is seen in chronic renal failure, which has depositions in the eye, heart, and blood vessels.

Answer 6

Calcification.

Question 7

__________ is a medical condition that results from a previous disease.

Answer 7

Sequale.

Question 8

Reversible injury:

Answer 8

Goes back to normal.

Question 9

Irreversible injury:

Answer 9

Severe. Causes necrosis, apoptosis, and pyroptosis.

Question 10

Persistent but sub-lethal injury:

Answer 10

Causes functional cell adaptations.

Question 11

____________________: injury to the cell caused by a persistent stress, that can be relieved by functional changes.

Answer 11

Cellular adaptations.

Question 12

Hypertrophy:

Answer 12

1. A cellular adaptation.
2. Causes increased cell size.

Question 13

Hyperplasia:

Answer 13

1. A cellular adaptation.
2. Causes increased cell number.

Question 14

Atrophy:

Answer 14

1. A cellular adaptation.
2. Causes decreased cell size.

Question 15

Metaplasia:

Answer 15

1. Cellular adaptation.
2. Changes one cell to a different type of cell.

Question 16

Dysplasia

Answer 16

1. Cellular adaptation.
2. Disorderly cell growth.

Question 17

True or false: All cellular adaptations are benefitting the cell.

Answer 17

FALSE - Some cellular adaptations can be harmful to the cell.

Question 18

Examples of harmful cellular adaptations:

Answer 18

1. Dysplasia can transform CIS cells into precancerous lesions.
2. Hypertrophy of cardiac muscles due to increased workload.

Question 19

Timescale to sequale injury:

Answer 19

1. ATP depletion.
2. Biochemical dysfunction.
3. Early ultrastructural changes.
   (All steps above this are reversible injury)
4. Late ultrastructural changes.
5. Early light microscopic changes.
6. Late light microscopic changes.
   (Second half is when injury becomes irreversible

Question 20

In _____________, pathological changes may be minimal or absent, due to a fast timescale not allowing full pathological mechanisms.

Answer 20

Acute injury.

Question 21

Typical pathological findings 15 minutes after injury:

Answer 21

1. Endoplasmic reticulum swelling and ribosome dislocation.
2. Membrane rupture.
3. Mitochondrial inclusions.

Question 22

Typical pathological findings 4-8 hours after injury:

Answer 22

1. Hypereosionphillia of the cytoplasm.
2. Karolysis.
3. Coagulative necrosis.
4. Influx of neutrophils.

Question 23

__________________ presents as leakage of pro-apoptotic proteins. Causing decreased ATP production, resulting in downstream effects.

Answer 23

Mitochondrial damage.

Question 24

________ of ________, causes increased mitochondrial permeability, and activation of many cellular enzymes.

Answer 24

Entry of calcium.

Question 25

Increased _______ ________ ________, causes damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA.

Answer 25

Reactive oxygen species.

Question 26

________ ________ causes loss of cellular components when affecting the lipid bilayer, and enzymatic digestion of cellular components when affecting the lysosome.

Answer 26

Membrane damage.

Question 27

________ _________ is caused by damaged DNA, and results in the activation of pro-apoptotic proteins.

Answer 27

Protein misfolding.

Question 28

ATP-dependant Na+-K+ pump disruption:

Answer 28

1. Causes cell swelling, due to Na+ and H2O moving into the cell (Hydropic/vacuolar degeneration)
2. Mitochondrial swelling leads to decreased ATP production.
3. Cell reverts to anaerobic glycolysis, so pH becomes acidic (lowers)
4. Organelles break and disintegrate.

Question 29

True or false: Myelin figures are clumps of nuclear chromatin.

Answer 29

FALSE - Myelin figures are rolled up phospholipid bilayers.

Question 30

1st manifestation of almost all forms of cell injury:

Answer 30

Cellular swelling.

Question 31

Decreased protein synthesis causes accumulation of _______ ______, contributing to a free fatty acid pool via _______________.

Answer 31

1. Amino acids.
2. Gluconeogenesis.

Question 32

In hypoxic conditions what will provide energy? What will result from this?

Answer 32

In hypoxic conditions fatty acids will be broken down to provide energy, resulting in more lipid synthesis and accumulation.

Question 33

_______ is a decrease in blood supply to an organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction of a blood vessel.

Answer 33

Ischemia.

Question 34

Ischemia can result in -

Answer 34

Hypoxia of the cell.

Question 35

Accumulations in normal tissues -

Answer 35

Excess fats - such as in a fatty liver.

Question 36

Accumulation of abnormal substances -

Answer 36

It can occur because of faulty synthesis, metabolism, or transport.

Question 37

Two examples of abnormal substance accumulation:

Answer 37

1. Mutations causing defective folding of and transport of proteins.
2. Deficiency of enzymes for lysosomal degradation.

Question 38

List of pigments and phagocytosed particles that will accumulate -

Answer 38

Melanin, hemosiderin, bilirubin, inorganics.

Question 39

Alcoholic fatty liver disease will occur due to -

Answer 39

Accumulation of fats, due to abnormalities in toxin metabolism.

Question 40

Accumulation of endogenous materials occurring due to a lack of enzymes or transport proteins occurs in what condition:

Answer 40

Neimann-Pick C disease

Question 41

Accumulations of exogenous materials, gained by ingestion of indigestible materials, is an example of -

Answer 41

Silicone dust inhalation.

Question 42

True or false: alpha-antitrypsin is a major inhibitor of proteases, that are normally released from neutrophils at the site of inflammation.

Answer 42

TRUE.

Question 43

Deficiency of AAT:

Answer 43

1. Autosomal recessive disorder.
2. Gene SERPINA1 will impair the secretion of AAT from hepatocytes into serum.
3. Causes liver disease in infants/children/adults.
4. Causes lung disease in adults.

Question 44

Most common cause of cirrhosis of the liver in children:

Answer 44

AAT deficiency.

Question 45

________________ increases the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Answer 45

Anti-alpha-trypsin deficiency.

Question 46

AAT globules will be seen with which stain:

Answer 46

Periodic acid schiff reagent - PAS.

Question 47

True or false: AAT alleles are inherited codominantly, causing several forms and degrees of AAT deficiency.

Answer 47

TRUE!

Question 48

AAT alleles:

Answer 48

1. M allele - normal.
2. Z/S alleles - Deficient.