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BMS 460 > Lesson 11 - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 11 - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pain =

A

Dolar.

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2
Q

Heat =

A

Calor.

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3
Q

Redness =

A

Rubor.

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4
Q

Swelling =

A

Tumor.

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5
Q

Vasodilation due to release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors will present as -

A
  1. Dolar (pain)
  2. Calor (heat)
  3. Rubor (Redness)
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6
Q

Increased permeability due to release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors will present as -

A

Tumor (swelling)

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7
Q

Neutrophil emigration deu to release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors will present as -

A

Tumor (Swelling)

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8
Q

Release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors will directly result as -

A

Dolar (pain)

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9
Q

________ ________ will cause release of chemotactic and vasoactive factors.

A

Tissue damage.

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10
Q

True or false: Inflammation is a result of cell injury, that will have specific responses depending on the cause of injury.

A

FALSE: Inflammation is a result of cell injury, that will have a non-specific response regardless of causation.

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11
Q

3 healing types:

A
  1. Scar tissue - From fibrosis.
  2. Regeneration - Replacement with same type of tissue cells, following irreversible damage.
  3. Resolution - Damaged cells recover, following reversible damage.
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12
Q

The following are all potential causes for what condition?
1. extension of acute inflammation.
2. Prolonged healing of acute inflammation.
3. Persistence of a causative agent.

A

Chronic inflammation.

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13
Q

Histamine is a a chemical mediator in inflammatory response: Name its Source and action -

A

Source:
Mast cell granule.

Action:
imediate vasodialation and increased capillary permeability to form exudate.

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14
Q

Chemotactic factors are chemical mediators in inflammatory response - Name its source and action:

A

Source: Mast cell granules.

Action: Attract neutrophils to a site of inflammation.

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15
Q

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a chemical mediator in the inflammatory response - name its source and action:

A

Source: Cell membrane of platelets.

Action: Platelet aggregation.

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16
Q

Cytokines (interleukins and lymphokines) are mediators in the inflammatory response - name its source and action:

A

Source: T-Lymphocytes and macrophages.

Action: increased plasma proteins, Induces fever, chemotaxis, and leukocytosis.

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17
Q

Neutrophil specific granule contents:

A
  1. phospholipase A2. **
  2. Myeloperoxidase.
  3. Cationic proteins.
  4. Acid hydrolases.
  5. Elastase. **
  6. Cathepsins
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18
Q

Neutrophil azurophilic granule contents:

A
  1. Phospholipase A2.
  2. Lysozyme.
  3. Alkaaline phosphatase.
  4. Type IC collagenase.
  5. Lactoferrin.
  6. Vitamin B-12 binding proteins
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19
Q

Neutrophil tertiary granule contents:

A
  1. Metalloproteinases
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20
Q

Eosinophil specific granule contents:

A

Crystalloid contents:
1. Major basic protein.
2. eosinophil cationic protein.
3. eosinophil peroxidase.
4. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin.
5. Histaminase.
6. collagenase.

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21
Q

Eosinophil azurophilic granule contents:

A

Acid hydrolases, collagenases, other eisonphil-specific hydrolases.

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22
Q

Basophil specific granule contents:

A

Pre-formed mediators of the inflammatory response, including histamine, heparin sulfate, and chondroitin.

Cause synthesis of other mediators upon stimulation.

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23
Q

Basophil azurophilic granule contents:

A

Acid hydrolases.

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24
Q

________________ are white blood cells that are found inside the blood vessels, that act on cells outside of the blood vessel.

A

Inflammatory cells.

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25
Q

Inflammatory cell names - In the blood vessel vs in the target tissue:

A

Basophil (blood) ———> Mast cell (tissue)

Monocyte (blood) ———-> Macrophage (tissue)

Lymphocytes (blood) ———–> Plasma cells (tissue)

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26
Q

How do we name white blood cells?

A
  1. Based on appearance in blood smears stained with Wright’s stain.
  2. Named based on shape, size, prescence of granules, and color of granules.
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27
Q

True or false: Basophils and monocytes have no major granules.

A

False - Monocytes and lymphocytes have no major granules, while basophils have significant granules.

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28
Q

Under high magnification in monocytes and lymphocytes, we can see small azurophilic granules, what are these?

A

These are lysosomes, called non-specific granules.

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29
Q

________________ Inflammatory chemical mediators, will circulate the blood in their inactive form and will need to be activated at the site of inflammation.

A

Plasma derives inflammatory chemical mediators.

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30
Q

_________________ Inflammatory chemical mediators, are pre-formed and stored in granules OR produced de novo (on demand)

A

Cell-derived inflammatory chemical mediators

31
Q

List the heterogenous mediators of inflammation:

A
  1. Biogenic amines (histamine)
  2. Peptides (bradykinin and compliment)
  3. Arrachiodonic acid derivatives (prostagladins)
32
Q

List the functions of multi-function mediators of inflammation:

A
  1. Vasodialation.
  2. Constriction of vessels.
  3. Activation of inflammatory cells.
  4. chemotaxis.
  5. cytotoxicity.
  6. pain and fever.
33
Q

How fast does the late-phase inflammatory reaction take, in allergen exposure?

A

2-24 hours.

34
Q

True or false: In the inflammatory response to allergen exposure, the vascular and smooth muscle reaction develops within minutes of exposure.

A

TRUE.

35
Q

In the _______ inflammatory reaction to allergen exposure, inflammatory infiltrate will be rich in eosinophils, neutrophils, and T-lymphocytes.

A

Late-phase.

36
Q

In the _______ inflammatory reaction ot allergen exposure, vasodilation, congestion, and edema will occur.

A

Immediate.

37
Q

When stimulated, arachiodonic acid derivatives will be released from ______________, and be used as an important _______________ mediator.

A
  1. Phospholipids.
  2. Inflammatory.
38
Q

What enzyme will act on the cell membrane to create the arachidonic acid pool?

A

Phospholipases.

39
Q

Which of the following cannot inhibit the synthesis of arachidonic acid derivatives?
a. Steroids.
b. NSAIDS
c. COX 1/2 inhibitors.
d. Phospholipases.

A

D - Phospholipases.

Phospholipases will help create more arachidonic acid derivatives!

40
Q

True or false: NSAIDS specifically inhibit phospholipases?

A

FALSE - Steroids specifically inhibit phospholipases.

41
Q

NSAIDS are indiscriminate inhibitors of COX 1 and COX 2, meaning it will inhibit functions of both, what are the consequences of this?

A

Inhibition of COX-1 can cause gastric ulcers, renal ischemia, premature closure of the ductus arteriosus, and reye’s syndrome.

42
Q

COX stands for:

A

Cyclooxygenase.

43
Q

This is expressed in most tissues and does maintenance of the stomach, kidneys, intestines, platelets, and endothelium. It will be initiated by a physiological stimulus, and end with a physiological stimulus.

a. COX-1
b. COX-2

A

a - COX-1

44
Q

This will be stimulated by an inflammatory stimuli, and attract macrophages and synoviocytes to the site of inflammation. Over-expression of this will result in gallbladder carcinoma.

a. COX-1
b. COX-2

A

b- COX-2

45
Q

_______ is inducible by inflammatory stimuli and occur constitutively in the immune tissues like the kidneys, bones, and brain.

A

COX-2

46
Q

What are the two important pathogenic factors of edema?

A
  1. Increased venous pressure.
  2. Reduced oncotic pressure, resulting from a low albumin concentration.
47
Q

True or false: Edema can be caused by hydrostatic and oncotic pressure increases, while decreases in vascular permeability and causing blood vessel obstruction.

A

FALSE - Edema will increase hydrostatic pressure and vascular permeability, while decreasing oncotic pressure and causing blood vessel obstruction.

48
Q

__________________ causing edema is typically due to venous thrombosis or heart failure.

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure.

49
Q

_________________ causing edema is typically due to nephrotic syndrome enteropathy or liver failure.

A

Decreased oncotic pressure.

50
Q

_________________ causing edema is typically due to inflammation, trauma, or burns.

A

Increased vascular permeability.

51
Q

________________ causing edema is typically due to tumors, surgery, or parasites.

A

Obstruction of lymph vessels.

52
Q

What is the role of neutrophils and macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis.

53
Q

A side-effect of __________, using ________ or _________, is that free radicals will be produced - such as reactive O2 species and nitric oxide (NO)

A
  1. Phagocytosis.
  2. Neutrophils.
  3. Macrophages.
54
Q

What will stimulate the immigration of neutrophils and macrophages to a tissue to begin phagocytosis?

A

Tissue injury causes release of chemical mediators that promote vasodilation and binding of neutrophils and macrophages to the capillaries.

55
Q

True or false: Macrophage-derived IL-1 will stimulate the release of neutrophils from bone marrow, causing neutrophilia.

A

TRUE!

56
Q

The first receptors activated during a host-pathogen interaction are part of what receptor family?

A

Toll-like-receptor (TLR) family

CD-14 serves as a co-receptor for TLP’s

57
Q

What serves as a co-receptor for the TLR family?

A

CD-14.

58
Q

What is the effect of cytokines inducing the liver to release acute-phase proteins?

A

Increases plasma fibrinogen levels, and works as a clotting factor by reducing the charge of RBCs.

59
Q

_________ is a clotting factor created by acute-phase proteins.

A

Fibrinogen.

60
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a are all mediators of inflammation that will cause:

A
  1. Release of clotting factors from the liver (fibrinogen)
  2. Release of C-reactive proteins to facilitate phagocytosis.
  3. Release of serum amyloid a.
  4. Release of protease inhibitors (a1-antitrypsin)
61
Q

True or false: IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a are mediators of inflammation that are intended to further damage the tissue.

A

FALSE - These will function to prevent excessive damage to the injured tissue.

62
Q

__________ __________ ____ provides a measure of the level of inflammation in an individual.

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

63
Q

Cytokines involved in the inflammatory response will enhance protein catabolism in skeletal muscle, for what purpose?

A

To provide a free amino acid pool, to use toward antibody production.

64
Q

Increased body temp:
a. Disrupts the inflammatory response.
b. Has no effect on the inflammatory response.
c. Enhances the inflammatory repsonse.

A

c - enhances the inflammatory response.

65
Q

______ diffuses into the hypothalamus and raises the set-point for thermoregulation and helps maintain ______ in the inflammatory response.

A
  1. PGE2
  2. Fever
66
Q

In a healthy individual, the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center adjusts -

A

The peripheral loss of heat matches the heat production.

67
Q

Wound healing - incision wound within hours of injury:

A
  1. Leukocytes surround the wound
  2. Scab forms on the epidermis.
68
Q

Wound healing - incision wound days after being sutured:

A
  1. Macrophages and fibroblasts are at the site of injury.
  2. Granulation tissue forms.
  3. Blood flow is higher.
69
Q

Wound healing - incision wound weeks after being sutured:

A

Scar tissue has formed, causing a primary intention scar.

70
Q

Primary intention scar:

A

Matrix will change from fibronectin and fibrin to collagen III, and finally to collagen I.

71
Q

Wound healing - Gaping wound soon after injury:

A

Foreign bodies and bacteria can invade the gaping wound.

72
Q

Wound healing - Gaping wound a while after injury:

A

Abundant granulation tissue forms, as a temporary structure made of C.T to replace a fibrin blood clot. (wound does not close)

73
Q

Secondary intention scar:

A

Due to excessive scarring making a hypertrophic scar made mostly of type III collagen.

BMS 460 (13 decks)

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