Lesson 8: Adolescence Flashcards
morality
ideas about whether it is ethically appropriate or inappropriate to engage in certain behaviors
moral reasoning
a thinking process with the objective of determining whether an idea is right or wrong. To know whether something is “right” or “wrong” one must first know what that something is intended to accomplish.
moral behavior
differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are distinguished as those that are proper and improper.
Describe Kohlberg’s method for assessing an individual’s level of moral reasoning.
- first, he gave people descriptions of fictitious stories that call for some level of moral behavior.
- assessed sophistication and quality of moral reasoning that went into the person’s particular decision
- could answer either way in the moral dilemma –> achieve either a high or low score depending on the QUALITY of one’s moral reasoning
What are Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning?
- pre conventional level
- conventional level
- post conventional level
What is Kohlberg’s preconventional level of moral reasoning?
1st level of moral reasoning
-people making moral decisions based on external forces (ex. laws, societal approval)
Stage One: obedience to authority
Stage Two: nice behavior in exchange for future favors
What is Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral reasoning?
2nd level of moral reasoning
-one’s moral reasoning process depends on social norms, or other people’s expectations for how people should behave ethically
Stage Three: live up to others’ expectations
Stage Four: follow rules to maintain social order
What is Kohlberg’s post conventional level of moral reasoning?
3rd level of moral reasoning
-one makes moral decisions on the basis of a personal moral code (such as a deeply held belief that stealing is justified and maybe even mandatory when lives are at stake)
Stage Five: adhere to a social contract when it is valid
Stage Six: personal moral system based on abstract principles
Explain the limitations of Kohlberg’s work
-focused on American values such as individual rights and justice –> those that accepted these scored higher in moral reasoning
Gilligan’s critique of Kohlberg
suggested that Kohlberg’s approach to understanding moral reasoning was based on abstract principles such as justice, human rights, and fairness—principles that are valued more highly by men than women
-said women value an “ethic of care” (enhancing the quality of relationships)
Kohlberg and emphasis on a Western cultural view
critics argue that Kohlberg’s stages are culturally biased—that the highest stages in particular reflect a westernized ideal of justice based on individualistic thought. This is biased against those that live in non-Western societies that place less emphasis on individualism.
obedience orientation
characteristic of Kohlberg’s Stage 1 (level one)
-says moral reasoning is based on the belief that adults know what is right and wrong
instrumental orientation
characteristic of Kohlberg’s Stage 2 (level one)
-says that moral reasoning is based on the aim of looking out for one’s own needs
interpersonal norms
characteristic of Kohlberg’s Stage 3 (level two)
-says that moral reasoning is based on winning the approval of others
social system morality
characteristic of Kohlberg’s Stage 4 (level two)
-moral reasoning based on maintaining order in society
social contract
characteristic of Kohlberg’s Stage 5 (level three)
-moral reasoning based on belief that laws are for the good of all members of a society
universal ethical principles
characteristic of Kohlberg’s Stage 6 (level three)
-moral reasoning is based on moral principles that apply to all
What are Marcia’s four statuses of identity development?
- Diffusion
- Foreclosure
- Moratorium
- Achievement
Diffusion
individual is overwhelmed by what it takes to develop an identity and does little to achieve one
Foreclosure
in which an adolescent thinks he or she has developed a sense of identity, but what the individual has really achieved is taking on the identity that someone else (ex. parents)
Moratorium
in which the adolescent has explored a number of different identities but has not yet found one that seems to “fit” better than all the others
Achievement
individual has “tried on” a variety of possible identities and, guided by this experience, has settled on one particular identity
self-esteem in adolescence
- decreases
- differentiate modes of self esteem (knowledge, physical appearance, athletic ability, etc)
- increases when they are skilled in the areas they value
- affected by how others view them
career development
lifelong process of managing learning, work, leisure, and transitions in order to move toward a personally determined and evolving preferred future
sexuality
capacity for sexual feelings; a person’s sexual orientation or preference; sexual activity
personal fable
attitude of many adolescents that their feelings/experiences are unique and have never been experienced by anyone else before
adolescence and relation to parents
“storm and stress” - frequent battles with parents
-research shows that harmony is actually more likely
Holland’s personality type theory
individuals will be more satisfied with and successful in careers that fit their personalities
menarche
onset of menstruation
spermarche
first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm
Puberty refers to changes in height and weight, to changes in the body’s fat and muscle contents, and to _____ ________.
sexual maturation
Girls tend to have their growth spurts about _ _____ earlier than boys.
2 years
During adolescent physical growth, boys have greater muscle growth than girls, acquire less ______, and have greater increases in heart and lung capacity.
fat
Primary sex characteristics are organs directly related to reproduction, whereas secondary sex organs are ____________.
physical signs of maturity that are not linked directly to reproductive organs (ex. body hair)
Early maturation tends to be harmful for girls because _____________.
it leads them to associate with older adolescents and so they may become involved in activities for which they are ill prepared such as drinking/sex
basal metabolic rate
the speed at which the body consumes calories
An adolescent’s diet should contain adequate calories, _____, and iron.
calcium
A vegetarian diet can be healthy for teens, but only when adolescents ______
adjust the rest of their diet so they consume adequate protein, calcium, and iron
During adolescence, the most important risk factors for anorexia and bulimia are ______.
being overly concerned about one’s body and a history of dieting
Regular physical activity helps to promote ______ and physical health.
mental health
Girls’ participation in sports has grown steadily since 1972 when ___________.
The US government required that schools receive public funds provide equal athletic opportunities for boys and girls
Some teenage athletes use anabolic steroids to increase muscular strength and to ___________.
promote more rapid recovery from an injury
More teenage girls die from _______ than any other cause.
automobile accidents
Because they place greater emphasis on the _____ associated with their actions, adolescents make what adults think are risky decisions.
rewards
According to information-processing theorists, adolescence is a time of important changes in working memory, processing speed, __________, strategies, and metacognition.
content knowledge
Information-processing theorist view adolescence as a time of ___________.
gradual cognitive change
When solving problems, children often rely upon heuristics, but adolescents mare more likely to solve problems ________.
analytically, using math/logic, depending upon the problem
When evidence is inconsistent with their beliefs, adolescents often _________.
ignore or dismiss the evidence
Kohlberg’s theory includes the pre conventional, conventional, and ________ levels.
post-conventional
For children and adolescents in the pre conventional level, moral reasoning is strongly influenced by _______.
reward or punishment
Supporting Kohlberg’s theory are findings that level of moral reasoning is associated with age, that people progress through the stages in the predicted sequence, and that ___________.
more advanced moral reasoning is associated with moral action
Gilligan’s view of morality emphasizes _______ instead of justice.
caring for others
When boys’ and girls’ moral reasoning is compared, the typical result is that ______________.
they do not differ
If parents wish to foster their children’s moral development, they should _______ with them.
discuss moral issues
Identity vs. Role Confusion
balancing the desire to try out as many possible selves and the need to select a single self
imaginary audience
adolescents’ feeling that their behavior is constantly being watched by their peers
illusion of invulnerability
adolescents’ belief that misfortunes cannot happen to them
According to Erikson, adolescents face a crisis between identity and _________.
role confusion
The _______ status would describe an adolescent who has attained an identity based almost entirely on her parents’ advice and urging.
foreclosure
A person who has simply put off searching for an identity because it seems too confusing and too overwhelming is in the _______ status.
diffusion
__________ refers to the fact that adolescents sometimes believe that their lives are a performance with their peers watching them constantly.
imaginary audience
Adolescents are most likely to achieve an identity when parents encourage them __________.
to explore alternative identities but do not pressure them or provide direction
In the second phase of achieving an ethnic identity, adolescents _________.
start to explore the personal impact of their ethnic roots
When individuals have a strong ethnic identity, their identification with mainstream culture _________.
is sometimes strong and sometimes weak, depend on specific circumstances
Self-esteem often drops when students enter middle school or junior high school because young adolescents ______.
no longer know where they stand among their peers so they must establish a new “pecking order”
During the ______ phase of vocational choice, adolescents learn more about specific lines of work and being training.
specification
Individuals with a _____ personality type are best suited for a career as a teacher/counselor.
social
Adolescents who work extensively at part-time jobs during the school year often get lower grades, have behavior problems, and ____________.
experience misleading affluence
Part-time employment during the school year can be beneficial if adolescents limit the number of hours they work and _________.
hold jobs that allow them to use and develop skills
The main factors that determine whether teenagers drink include parents, peers, and _________.
stress
Peers influence teenage smoking indirectly by ____________.
establishing an informal school norm in which smoking is approved
Depression can be triggered when adolescents experience negative events and they are unable to regulate their emotions or they ___________.
see themselves in a negative light.
Treatments for depression include drugs that correct imbalances in neurotransmitters and therapy that emphasizes __________.
improving cognitive and social skills
_________ refers to antisocial behavior that begins at an early age and continues throughout life.
life-course persistent antisocial behavior
The factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency include biology, cognitive processes, _______, and poverty.
family processes
crystalization
first phase in Super’s theory of career development, in which adolescents use their emerging identities to form ideas about their careers
specification
second phase in Super’s theory of career development, in which adolescents learn more about specific lines of work and begin training
implementation
third phase in Super’s theory of career development, in which individuals actually enter the workforce
When parents do not approve of sex, adolescent children are _______________.
less likely to be sexually active
For some boys, the first step toward a gay sexual orientation emerges out of a different feeling and becoming more interested in gender-atypical activities. However, girls first step towards a lesbian sexual orientation often grows out of _____________
strong attraction to one particular female
A girl is more likely to be a victim of sexual violence if she has been drinking and if she ___________.
holds traditional views of gender roles
