Chapter Seven: Expanding Social Horizons

Question 1

socialization

Answer 1

teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture

Question 2

authoritarian parenting

Answer 2

parents who show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children

Question 3

authoritative parenting

Answer 3

parents who use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children

Question 4

permissive parenting

Answer 4

style of parenting that offers warmth and caring but little parental control over children

Question 5

uninvolved parenting

Answer 5

style of parenting that provides neither warmth nor control and that minimizes the amount of time parents spend with children

Question 6

direct instruction

Answer 6

telling a child what to do, when, and why

Question 7

counterimitation

Answer 7

learning what should not be done by observing the behavior

Question 8

negative reinforcement trap

Answer 8

unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage

Question 9

According to the systems approach, the family consists of interacting elements that influence each other, and the family itself is ________.

Answer 9

embedded in other social systems, such as neighborhoods

Question 10

An _______ parental style combines high control with low involvement.

Answer 10

authoritarian

Question 11

Most children seem to benefit when parents rely on an _______ style.

Answer 11

authoritative

Question 12

Parental behaviors that influence children include direct instruction, modeling, and _______.

Answer 12

feedback (reward and punishment)

Question 13

Some parents do not make a good team: they don’t work together, they compete with each other for their children’s attention, and __________.

Answer 13

they limit each other’s access to the children

Question 14

With later-born children, parents often have more realistic expectation and are _________.

Answer 14

more relaxed in their discipline

Question 15

Among the effects of divorce on children are inadequate supervision of children, conflict between parents, and ____________.

Answer 15

economic hardship

Question 16

When mothers remarry, daughters do not adjust as readily as sons because ___________.

Answer 16

the remarriage disrupts an intimate mother-daughter relationship

Question 17

Children are more likely to be abused when they are younger and when they are _______.

Answer 17

often ill

Question 18

co-rumination

Answer 18

conversations about one’s personal problems, common amount adolescent girls

Question 19

dominance hierarchy

Answer 19

ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status

Question 20

instrumental aggression

Answer 20

aggression used to achieve an explicit goal

Question 21

hostile aggression

Answer 21

unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another child

Question 22

Friends are usually similar in age, sex, race, and _______.

Answer 22

interest

Question 23

Children with friends have higher self-esteem, are less likely to be lonely, and _______, than children without friends.

Answer 23

more often act prosocially

Question 24

As a group forms, a _______ typically emerges, with the leader at the top.

Answer 24

dominance hierarchy

Question 25

Peer pressure is most powerful when _________.

Answer 25

standards for appropriate behavior are vague

Question 26

Popular children often share, cooperate, and are ________.

Answer 26

socially skilled

Question 27

Rejected youngsters are more likely to drop out of school, to commit juvenile offenses, and __________.

Answer 27

to suffer from psychopathology

Question 28

Some children who are chronic victims of aggression overreact and are easily irritated; other chronic victims are __________.

Answer 28

unwilling or unable to defend themselves

Question 29

Contrary to popular criticisms, frequent TV viewing is not consistently related to reduced attention or to a lack of _______.

Answer 29

creativity

Question 30

recursive thinking

Answer 30

thoughts that focus on what another person is thinking

Question 31

prejudice

Answer 31

a view of other people, usually negative, that is based on their membership in a specific group

Question 32

When adolescents describe others, they usually ____________.

Answer 32

try to provide a cohesive, integrated account

Question 33

In the most advanced stage of Selman’s theory, adolescents ________.

Answer 33

provide a third person perspective on situations and recognize the influence of context on this perspective

Question 34

Young adolescents often become more prejudiced, reflecting the views of those around them and ________.

Answer 34

greater affirmation with their own group