Chapter Seven: Expanding Social Horizons Flashcards
socialization
teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture
authoritarian parenting
parents who show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children
authoritative parenting
parents who use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children
permissive parenting
style of parenting that offers warmth and caring but little parental control over children
uninvolved parenting
style of parenting that provides neither warmth nor control and that minimizes the amount of time parents spend with children
direct instruction
telling a child what to do, when, and why
counterimitation
learning what should not be done by observing the behavior
negative reinforcement trap
unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage
According to the systems approach, the family consists of interacting elements that influence each other, and the family itself is ________.
embedded in other social systems, such as neighborhoods
An _______ parental style combines high control with low involvement.
authoritarian
Most children seem to benefit when parents rely on an _______ style.
authoritative
Parental behaviors that influence children include direct instruction, modeling, and _______.
feedback (reward and punishment)
Some parents do not make a good team: they don’t work together, they compete with each other for their children’s attention, and __________.
they limit each other’s access to the children
With later-born children, parents often have more realistic expectation and are _________.
more relaxed in their discipline
Among the effects of divorce on children are inadequate supervision of children, conflict between parents, and ____________.
economic hardship
When mothers remarry, daughters do not adjust as readily as sons because ___________.
the remarriage disrupts an intimate mother-daughter relationship
Children are more likely to be abused when they are younger and when they are _______.
often ill
co-rumination
conversations about one’s personal problems, common amount adolescent girls
dominance hierarchy
ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status
instrumental aggression
aggression used to achieve an explicit goal
hostile aggression
unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another child
Friends are usually similar in age, sex, race, and _______.
interest
Children with friends have higher self-esteem, are less likely to be lonely, and _______, than children without friends.
more often act prosocially
As a group forms, a _______ typically emerges, with the leader at the top.
dominance hierarchy
Peer pressure is most powerful when _________.
standards for appropriate behavior are vague
Popular children often share, cooperate, and are ________.
socially skilled
Rejected youngsters are more likely to drop out of school, to commit juvenile offenses, and __________.
to suffer from psychopathology
Some children who are chronic victims of aggression overreact and are easily irritated; other chronic victims are __________.
unwilling or unable to defend themselves
Contrary to popular criticisms, frequent TV viewing is not consistently related to reduced attention or to a lack of _______.
creativity
recursive thinking
thoughts that focus on what another person is thinking
prejudice
a view of other people, usually negative, that is based on their membership in a specific group
When adolescents describe others, they usually ____________.
try to provide a cohesive, integrated account
In the most advanced stage of Selman’s theory, adolescents ________.
provide a third person perspective on situations and recognize the influence of context on this perspective
Young adolescents often become more prejudiced, reflecting the views of those around them and ________.
greater affirmation with their own group
