Chapter Five: Entering the Social World

Question 1

hope

Answer 1

trust vs. mistrust —> hope

according to Erikson, an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance

Infancy

Question 2

will

Answer 2

autonomy vs. shame/doubt —-> will

according to Erikson, a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally; this occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance

1-3 years old

Question 3

purpose

Answer 3

initiative vs. guilt –> purpose

according to Erikson, balance between individual initiative and the willingness to cooperate with others

3-5 years

Question 4

secure attachment

Answer 4

relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers

Question 5

avoidant attachment

Answer 5

relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation

Question 6

resistant attachment

Answer 6

relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console

Question 7

disorganized (disoriented) attachment

Answer 7

relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers

Question 8

internal working model

Answer 8

infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationships throughout the child’s life

Question 9

___________ proposed that maturational and social factors come together to pose eight unique challenges for psychosocial growth during the life span.

Answer 9

Erik Erikson

Question 10

Infants must balance trust and mistrust to achieve _____, an openness to new experience that is coupled with awareness of possible danger.

Answer 10

hope

Question 11

By approx, ___ months of age, most infants have identified a special individual - usually but not always the mother as the attachment figure.

Answer 11

6 or 7

Question 12

Joan, a 12 month old, was separated from her mother for about 15 min. When they were reunited, Joan would not let her mother pick her up. When her mother approached, Joan would look the other way or toddle to another part of the room. This behavior suggests that Joan has a ________ attachment.

Answer 12

avoidant insecure

Question 13

The single most important factor in fostering a secure attachment relationship is ________.

Answer 13

responding consistently and appropriately

Question 14

Tim and Douglas, both 3 year olds, rarely argue; when they disagree, one goes along with the other’s ideas. The odds are good that both boys have _______ attachment with their parents.

Answer 14

secure

Question 15

An insecure attachment relationship is likely when an infant receives poor-quality child care and ____________.

Answer 15

insensitive, unresponsive mothering

Question 16

basic emotions

Answer 16

emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a psychological change, and an overt behavior

Question 17

social referencing

Answer 17

behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation

Question 18

Basic emotions include a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and _________

Answer 18

an overt behavior

Question 19

The first detectable form of fear is ______, which emerges at about 6 months.

Answer 19

wariness of strangers

Question 20

Complex emotions, such as guilt and shame, emerge later than basic emotions because _______.

Answer 20

complex emotions require more advanced cognitive skills

Question 21

In social referencing, infants use a parent’s facial expression __________.

Answer 21

to direct their own behavior

Question 22

Wariness of strangers is adaptive because it emerges at about the same time that ____________.

Answer 22

infants master creeping and crawling

Question 23

simple social play

Answer 23

play that begins at about 15 to 18 months; toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each other

Question 24

cooperative play

Answer 24

play that is organized around a theme with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of age

Question 25

enabling actions

Answer 25

individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain the interaction

Question 26

constricting actions

Answer 26

interaction in which one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other

Question 27

prosocial behavior

Answer 27

any behavior that benefits another person

Question 28

altruism

Answer 28

prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior

Question 29

One of the advantages of ______ play is that children can explore topics that frighten them.

Answer 29

make-believe

Question 30

When girls interact, conflicts are typically arrived through _______; boys more often resort to intimidation.

Answer 30

discussion and compromise

Question 31

Contextual influences on prosocial behavior include feelings of responsibility, feelings of competence, _______, and the costs associated with behaving prosocially.

Answer 31

mood

Question 32

social role

Answer 32

set of cultural guidelines about how one should behave, especially with other people

Question 33

relational aggression

Answer 33

aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships

Question 34

gender-schema theory

Answer 34

theory that states that children want to learn more about an activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine

Question 35

Research on intellectual functioning and social behavior has revealed sex differences in verbal ability, ________, social influence

Answer 35

spatial ability

Question 36

According to Kohlberg’s theory, understanding of gender includes gender labeling, gender stability, and __________.

Answer 36

gender constancy

Occurs between ages 4-7

Question 37

Children studied in the Family Lifestyles Project, whose parents were members of the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s, had traditional gender-related views towards friends and _______.

Answer 37

preferred activities

Question 38

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 38

Theoretical view that many human behaviors represent successful adaptations to the environment

Question 39

Social Smiles

Answer 39

Smile that infants produce when they see a human face

Question 40

Parallel Play

Answer 40

When children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing

Question 41

Empathy

Answer 41

Experiencing another person’s feelings

Question 42

Gender Labeling

Answer 42

By age 2 or 3, children understand that they are either boys or girls and label themselves accordingly

Question 43

Gender Stability

Answer 43

During preschool years, children begin to understand that gender is stable: boys become men and girls become women

May still believe that a girl who wears her hair like a boy will become a boy and a boy who plays with dolls will become a girl