Chapter Five: Entering the Social World Flashcards
hope
trust vs. mistrust —> hope
according to Erikson, an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance
Infancy
will
autonomy vs. shame/doubt —-> will
according to Erikson, a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally; this occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance
1-3 years old
purpose
initiative vs. guilt –> purpose
according to Erikson, balance between individual initiative and the willingness to cooperate with others
3-5 years
secure attachment
relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers
avoidant attachment
relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation
resistant attachment
relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console
disorganized (disoriented) attachment
relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers
internal working model
infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationships throughout the child’s life
___________ proposed that maturational and social factors come together to pose eight unique challenges for psychosocial growth during the life span.
Erik Erikson
Infants must balance trust and mistrust to achieve _____, an openness to new experience that is coupled with awareness of possible danger.
hope
By approx, ___ months of age, most infants have identified a special individual - usually but not always the mother as the attachment figure.
6 or 7
Joan, a 12 month old, was separated from her mother for about 15 min. When they were reunited, Joan would not let her mother pick her up. When her mother approached, Joan would look the other way or toddle to another part of the room. This behavior suggests that Joan has a ________ attachment.
avoidant insecure
The single most important factor in fostering a secure attachment relationship is ________.
responding consistently and appropriately
Tim and Douglas, both 3 year olds, rarely argue; when they disagree, one goes along with the other’s ideas. The odds are good that both boys have _______ attachment with their parents.
secure
An insecure attachment relationship is likely when an infant receives poor-quality child care and ____________.
insensitive, unresponsive mothering
basic emotions
emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a psychological change, and an overt behavior
social referencing
behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation
Basic emotions include a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and _________
an overt behavior
The first detectable form of fear is ______, which emerges at about 6 months.
wariness of strangers
Complex emotions, such as guilt and shame, emerge later than basic emotions because _______.
complex emotions require more advanced cognitive skills
In social referencing, infants use a parent’s facial expression __________.
to direct their own behavior
Wariness of strangers is adaptive because it emerges at about the same time that ____________.
infants master creeping and crawling
simple social play
play that begins at about 15 to 18 months; toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each other
cooperative play
play that is organized around a theme with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of age
enabling actions
individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain the interaction
constricting actions
interaction in which one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other
prosocial behavior
any behavior that benefits another person
altruism
prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior
One of the advantages of ______ play is that children can explore topics that frighten them.
make-believe
When girls interact, conflicts are typically arrived through _______; boys more often resort to intimidation.
discussion and compromise
Contextual influences on prosocial behavior include feelings of responsibility, feelings of competence, _______, and the costs associated with behaving prosocially.
mood
social role
set of cultural guidelines about how one should behave, especially with other people
relational aggression
aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships
gender-schema theory
theory that states that children want to learn more about an activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine
Research on intellectual functioning and social behavior has revealed sex differences in verbal ability, ________, social influence
spatial ability
According to Kohlberg’s theory, understanding of gender includes gender labeling, gender stability, and __________.
gender constancy
Occurs between ages 4-7
Children studied in the Family Lifestyles Project, whose parents were members of the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s, had traditional gender-related views towards friends and _______.
preferred activities
Evolutionary Psychology
Theoretical view that many human behaviors represent successful adaptations to the environment
Social Smiles
Smile that infants produce when they see a human face
Parallel Play
When children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing
Empathy
Experiencing another person’s feelings
Gender Labeling
By age 2 or 3, children understand that they are either boys or girls and label themselves accordingly
Gender Stability
During preschool years, children begin to understand that gender is stable: boys become men and girls become women
May still believe that a girl who wears her hair like a boy will become a boy and a boy who plays with dolls will become a girl
