Chapter Six: Off to School Flashcards
mental operations
cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas
deductive reasoning
drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal operational thought
cognitive-operational period
preschool age
“taking an earthbound, concrete, practical-minded sort of problem solving approach”
no abstract thinking
formal-operational period
11 to adulthood
expanding thinking beyond concrete/real, applying psychological operators, thinking hypothetically, reasoning abstractly
working memory
type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly
long-term memory
permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity
organization
as applied to children’s memory, a strategy in which information to be remembered is structured so that related information is placed together
metamemory
person’s informal understanding of memory; includes that ability to diagnose memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory advantages
metacognitive knowledge
a person’s knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes
cognitive self-regulation
skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and accurate monitoring; a characteristic of successful students
During Piaget’s ______ stage children are first able to represent objects mentally in different ways and to perform mental operations.
concrete-operational
Hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristic of children in Piaget’s _______ stage.
formal-operational
Children and adolescents often select a memory strategy after they have _________.
determined the goal of the memory task
psychometricians
psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological traits such as intelligence and personality
analytic ability
in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions
creative ability
in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems
practical ability
in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work
mental age (MA)
in intelligence testing, a measure of children’s performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child’s
intelligence quotient (IQ)
mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score
If some children consistently have high scores on different intelligence tests while other children consistently have lower scores on the same tests, this would support the view that intelligence ____________.
consists of a general factor
According to ________ theories, intelligence includes both general intelligence and more specific abilities, such as verbal and spatial skill.
hierarchical
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligences, which are included in psychometric theories, as well as musical, ______, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences, which are ignored in psychometric theories.
bodily-kinesthetic
Based on Gardner’s view of intelligence, teachers should ________.
teach in a manner that engages as many different intelligences as possible
According to Sternberg, successful intelligence depends on ________, creative, and practical abilities.
analytical
Evidence for the impact of environment on children’s intelligence comes from studies of children’s homes, from historical change in IQ scores, and from _________.
intervention studies
convergent thinking
using information to arrive at one standard and correct answer
divergent thinking
thinking in novel and unusual directions
intellectual disability
substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerge before the age of 18
learning disability
when a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject
A problem with defining giftedness solely in terms of IQ score is that ___________.
it excludes talents in areas such as art, music, and dance
Intellectual disability involves substantial limits in intellectual ability and _______ that emerge before the age of 18.
problems adapting to the environment
Biomedical, social, _____, and educational factors place some children at risk for intellectual disability.
behavioral
In developmental dyslexia, children have difficulty with ___________.
phonological awareness (distinguishing language sounds)
Key symptoms of ADHD are overactivity, _______, and impulsivity.
inattentiveness
The results of the MTA show that, in the short run, the best way to treat the full spectrum of symptoms of ADHA is through stimulant drugs combined with _________.
psychological treatment that improves children’s cognitive and social skills
phonological awareness
the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters
knowledge-telling strategy
writing down information as it is received from memory, a common practice for young writers
knowledge-transforming strategy
deciding what information to include and how to best organize it to convey a point
Important preceding skills include knowing letters and ________.
sounds associated with each letter
Older and more experienced readers understand more of what they read because the capacity of working memory increases, they have more general knowledge of the world, __________, and they are more likely to use appropriate reading strategies.
they monitor their comprehension more effectively
Children typically use a _______ to organize their writing.
knowledge-telling strategy
Effective teachers manage classrooms well, believe they are responsible for their students’ learning, _____________, teach actively, pay attention to pacing, value tutoring, and show children how to monitor their learning.
emphasize mastery of topics
Boys typically have the advantage of gross motor skills that emphasize strength, but girls tend to have the advantage of _________________.
fine motor skills that emphasize dexterity
Elaboration
Memory strategy in which information is embellished to make it more memorable
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to use one’s own and others’ emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily
Culture-Fair Intelligence Tests
Intelligence test devised using items common to many cultures
Word Recognition
The process of identifying a unique pattern of letters
Comprehension
The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words
