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HDFS 2400 > Chapter Two: Biological Foundations > Flashcards

Chapter Two: Biological Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genetic material

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2
Q

autosomes

A

first 22 pairs of chromosomes

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3
Q

sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair of chromosomes; these determine the sex of the child

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4
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

molecule composed of four nucleotide bases that is the biochemical basis of heredity

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5
Q

gene

A

group of nucleotide bases that proves a specific set of biochemical instructions

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6
Q

alleles

A

variations of genes

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7
Q

sickle-cell trait

A

disorder in which individuals show signs of mild anemia only when they are seriously deprived of oxygen; occurs in individuals who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle-cell allele

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8
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme

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9
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

progressive and fatal type of dementia caused by dominant alleles

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10
Q

behavioral genetics

A

the branch of genetics that studies the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits

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11
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

when phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes

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12
Q

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called ______.

A

autosomes

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13
Q

_______ reflects the combined activity of a number of distinct genes.

A

polygenic inheritance

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14
Q

Individuals with ______ have an extra 21st chromosome, usually inherited by the mother.

A

Down Syndrome (“trisomy 21”)

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15
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

process by which sperm and egg are mixed in a petri dish to create a zygote, which is then placed in a woman’s uterus

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16
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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17
Q

germ disc

A

small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually develop into a baby

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18
Q

embryo

A

term given to the zygote once it is completely embedded in the uterine wall

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19
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of embryo, which will become the hair, the other later of skin, and the nervous system

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20
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of the embryo which becomes the muscles, bones, and circulatory system

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21
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of the embryo, which becomes the lungs and the digestive system

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22
Q

amnion

A

inner sac which the developing child rests

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23
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

a principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the head develop first

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24
Q

proximodistal principle

A

principle of physical growth that starts structures nearest the center of the body develop first

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25
Q

period of the fetus

A

longest period of prenatal development, extending from the 9th until the 38th week after conception

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26
Q

cerebral cortex

A

wrinkled surface to the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human

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27
Q

vernix

A

substance that protects fetus’s skin during development

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28
Q

The period of the zygote ends _____.

A

at 2 weeks after conception (when zygote is completely implanted into the wall of the uterus)

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29
Q

Body structures and internal organs are created during the period of the ______.

A

embryo

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30
Q

______ is called the age of viability because this is when most of the systems function well enough to support life.

A

22-28 weeks

31
Q

In the last few months of prenatal development, the fetus has regular periods of activity and _____, which are the first signs of fetal behavior

A

the eyes and ears respond to stimulation

32
Q

teratogen

A

an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

33
Q

ultrasound

A

prenatal diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to generate an image of the fetus

34
Q

amniocentesis

A

prenatal diagnostic technique that uses a syringe to withdraw a sample of amniotic fluid through a mother’s abdomen

35
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion

36
Q

General risk factors in pregnancy include a woman’s nutrition, ____, and her age.

A

prolonged stress

37
Q

______ are some of the most dangerous teratogens because a pregnant woman is often unaware of their presence.

A

environmental hazards

38
Q

During the period of the zygote, exposure to a teratogen typically results in _________.

A

spontaneous abortion of the fertilized egg

39
Q

Two techniques are used to determine whether a fetus has a hereditary disorder are amniocentesis and _________.

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

40
Q

hypoxia

A

a birth complication in which umbilical blood flow is disrupted and the infant does not receive adequate oxygen

41
Q

cesarean section

A

surgical removal of the infant from the uterus through an incision made in the mother’s abdomen

42
Q

low birth weight

A

newborns who weigh less than 5 pounds

43
Q

very low birth weight

A

newborns who weigh less than 3 pounds

44
Q

extremely low birth weight

A

newborns who weigh less than 2 pounds

45
Q

infant mortality

A

the number of infants out of 1,000 births who die before their first birthday

46
Q

In the third stage of labor the _____ is delivered.

A

placenta

47
Q

Two problems with using anesthesia during labor are that a woman can’t use her abdominal muscles to help push the baby down the birth canal and ___________.

A

the pain-relieving medication crosses the placenta and affects the baby

48
Q

Home delivery is safe when a pregnant woman is healthy, has had a problem-free pregnancy, expects to have a problem-free delivery, and ________.

A

when trained health professionals are present to deliver the baby

49
Q

When the supply of oxygen to the fetus is disrupted because the umbillical cord is squeezed shut, _____ results.

A

hypoxia

50
Q

Genotype

A

Person’s hereditary makeup

51
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the interaction between one’s genes and the environment

52
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same

53
Q

Heterozygous

A

Alleles in a pair of chromosomes differ from each other

54
Q

Dominant

A

Form of an allele whose chemical instructions are followed

55
Q

Recessive

A

Allele whose instructions are ignored in the presence of a dominant allele

56
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Situation in which one allele does not dominate another completely

57
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Identical twins

Single fertilized egg splits to form 2 individuals

58
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Fraternal twins

2 separate eggs are fertilized

59
Q

Heritability Coefficient

A

Measure (derived from a correlation coefficient) of the extent to which a trait or characteristic is inherited

60
Q

Niche-Picking

A

Process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one’s genetic makeup

61
Q

Non-shared Environmental Influences

A

Forces w/in a family that make siblings different from one another

62
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Many changes that turn a fertilized egg into a newborn human

63
Q

Eugenics

A

Effort to improve the human species by letting only people whose characteristics are valued by a society mate and pass along their genes

64
Q

Implantation

A

Step in which the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with a woman’s blood vessels

65
Q

Placenta

A

Structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing child

66
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

Fluid that surrounds the fetus

67
Q

Umbilical Fluid

A

Structure containing veins and arteries that connects the developing child to the placenta

68
Q

Age of Viability

A

Age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at 7 months after conception

69
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Disorder in which the embryo’s neural tube does not close properly

70
Q

Stress

A

Physical and psychological responses to threatening or challenging conditions

71
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A

Disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant

72
Q

Fetal Medicine

A

Field of medicine concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth

73
Q

Crowning

A

Appearance of the top of the baby’s head during labor

74
Q

How many stages of labor are there?

A

3

HDFS 2400 (12 decks)

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