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HDFS 2400 > Chapter One: The Study of Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter One: The Study of Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences [nature] and experiential influences [nurture] determine the kind of person you are

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2
Q

human development

A

the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time

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3
Q

continuity-discontinuitity issue

A

whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span [continuity] or a series of abrupt shifts [discontinuity]

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4
Q

universal vs. context-specific development issue

A

whether there is just one path of development or several paths

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5
Q

biopsychosocial framework

A

a useful way to organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development

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6
Q

neuroscience

A

the study of the brain and nervous system, especially in terms of the brain-behavior relationships

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7
Q

theory

A

an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

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8
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages

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9
Q

psychosocial theory

A

Erikson’s proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands

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10
Q

epigenetic principle

A

in Erikson’s theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance

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11
Q

operant conditioning

A

Skinner - learning paradigm in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future

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12
Q

reinforcement

A

a consequence that increase the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

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13
Q

punishment

A

a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

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14
Q

imitation/observational learning

A

Bandar - learning that occurs by simply watching how others behave

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15
Q

self-efficacy

A

people’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents

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16
Q

information-processing theory

A

theory proposing that human cognition consists of mental hardware (ex. structures - memories) and mental software (ex. processes - reading a sentence)

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17
Q

ecological theory

A

theory based on idea that human development is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops

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18
Q

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensimotor (birth-2): knowledge of world based on sense/motor skills
  2. Preoperational thought (2-6): child learns to use symbols
  3. Concrete operational thought (7-early adolescence): understands/applies logical operations, focuses on here and now
  4. Formal operational thought (adolescence ->): thinks abstractly
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19
Q

microsystem

A

the people and objects in an individual’s immediate environment

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20
Q

mesosystem

A

provides connections across microsystems

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21
Q

exosystem

A

social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development

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22
Q

macrosystem

A

the cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and ecosystem are embedded

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23
Q

Bronfenbenner’s Theory

A

the developing person is embedded in a series of complex and interactive systems

24
Q

life-span perspective

A

view that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework

25
Q

selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model

A

model in which three processes (selection, optimization, and compensation) form a system of behavioral action that generates and regulates development and aging

26
Q

Life course perspective

A

description of how various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical contexts

27
Q

systematic observation

A

watching people and carefully recording what they do or say

28
Q

naturalistic observation

A

technique in which people are observed as they behave spontaneously in some real life situation

29
Q

structured observation

A

technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest

30
Q

self-reports

A

people’s answers to questions about the topic of interest

31
Q

reliability

A

extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of a characteristic

32
Q

validity

A

extent to which a measure actually assess what researchers think it does

33
Q

correlational study

A

investigation looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world

34
Q

correlational coefficient

A

an expression of the strength and direction of a relation between two variables

35
Q

qualitative research

A

method that involves gaining in-depth understand of human behavior and what governs it

36
Q

longitudinal study

A

longitudinal study research design in which the same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives

37
Q

cross-sectional study

A

study in which developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages

38
Q

cohort effects

A

problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences between age groups (cohorts) may result as easily from environmental events as from developmental processes

39
Q

sequential design

A

developmental research design based on a cross-sectional and longitudinal designs (a “sequence” of longitudinal designs)

40
Q

meta-analysis

A

a tool that enables researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables

41
Q

The nature-nurture issue involves the degree to which _____ and the environment influence human development.

A

genetics

42
Q

Azar remarked that her 14 year-old son is incredibly shy and has been ever since he was a little baby. This illustrates the _______ of development.

A

continuity

43
Q

______ forces include genetic and health factors.

A

biological

44
Q

Neuroscience examines ______ relations.

A

brain-behavior

45
Q

_____ organize knowledge in order to provide testable explanations of human behaviors and the ways in which they change over time.

A

theories

46
Q

The _____ perspective proposes that development is determined by the interactions of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands.

A

psychosocial

47
Q

According to the social cognitive theory, people learn from reinforcements, from punishments, and through ______ ____.

A

observing others

48
Q

Piaget’s theory and Vygotsky’s theory are examples of the _______ perspective.

A

cognitive development

49
Q

According to Bronfenbenner, development occurs in the context of the _______ mesosytem, exosystem, and macrosystem.

A

microsystem

50
Q

A belief that human development is characterized by multidirecitonality and plasticity is fundamental to the ______ perspective.

A

life-span

51
Q

In _____, people are observed as they behave spontaneously in a real life setting.

A

naturalistic observation

52
Q

A _____ is a group of individuals thought to be representative of some larger population of interest.

A

sample

53
Q

The ____ variable is measured in an experiment to evaluate the impact of the variable that was manipulated.

A

dependent

54
Q

Problems of longitudinal studies include the length of time to complete the work, loss of research participants over time, and ______.

A

influence of repeated testing on a person’s performance

55
Q

Human development researchers must submit their plans for research to a review board that determines whether the research ________________.

A

preserves the rights of the research participants

HDFS 2400 (12 decks)

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