Lesson 7 Writting Flashcards by Ali Salamatmanesh

چگونگی حذف wh ها
Adjective clauses:who, when, that, where, which
Part 1: WH + غیر فعلی

فقط wh حذف می شود
The man who we met yesterday works at Tehran leaves in Iran
The man we met yesterday works at Chevron leaves in Iran

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چگونگی حذف wh ها
Adjective clauses:who, when, that, where, which
Part 2: WH + to be

هم WH و هم‌ فعل to be حذف می شود
The woman who was at the meeting spoke about business in Europe
The woman at the meeting spoke about business in Europe

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چگونگی حذف wh ها
Adjective clauses:who, when, that, where, which
Part 3: WH + فعل معلوم

هر دو حذف می شوند و ing فعل می ماند
The professor who is teaching mathematics will leave the university.
The professor teaching mathematics will leave the university.

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چگونگی حذف wh ها
Adjective clauses:who, when, that, where, which
Part 4: WH + فعل مجهول

هر دو حذف می شوند و pp فعل می ماند.
The boy who was pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate.
The boy pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate

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سوالات one side arguments
Model 1: Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?
Model 2: what extent do you agree or disagree?

نوشتن هر دو می تواند یکی باشد فقط در مدل دوم باید هر جا که نظر میدهید بگوییم تا چه حد موافق یا مخالف هستیم
I absolutely agree disagree
I partially agree disagree

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سوالات one side arguments
Model 1: Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?
Model 2: what extent do you agree or disagree?

هر دو پاراگراف را یا موافق یا مخالف می نویسیم

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one side arguments سوالات
Model 1: Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?
Model 2: what extent do you agree or disagree?

مقدمه
جمله اول پارافرایز جمله اول سوال که تاپیک هست
جمله دوم مقدمه با however شروع می کنیم که پارافرایز نظری است که در سوال اومده
However, some assert that….
بعد نظر خودمونو میدیم
اگر موافق با جمله بعد از however بودیم ( یعنی نظر مطرح شده در سوال) می گوییم
Admittedly , i believe that ….
اگر مخالف جمله بعد از however بود با
Although, i believe that… owing to a number of compelling reason.

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one side arguments سوالات
Model 1: Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?
Model 2: what extent do you agree or disagree?

پاراگراف اول
To begin with, the most rational justification is that تاپیک
That is , if … Will be توضیح
A good illustration of this , مثال
That is turn, توضیح مثال

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one side arguments سوالات
Model 1: Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?
Model 2: what extent do you agree or disagree?

پاراگراف دوم
Yet another compelling argument against ….تاپیک و موضوع
To put it differently , توضیح
Take …… for example/ as an exampleمثال

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one side arguments سوالات
Model 1: Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?
Model 2: what extent do you agree or disagree?

نتیجه گیری
To sum up, considering the points discussed above, the most rational conclusion to be drawn is that…..
نظرمون را شفاف
حالا بعدش دلیلش را با
This is mainly because/ owing to …..
و
As well as
دلیل دوم

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کوتاه کردن کلاز های زمانی
شرط :فاعل یکسان
شرط دوم : دلیل
فاعل حذف
کلمه مربوط به زمان را نکهداریم
اگر فعل معلوم بود ing
اگر مجهول بود pp

Because she had e test next week, she is studying very hard.
To
Having test next week, she is studying very hard.

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Since i moved to semnan, i have gone to Shahmirzad a number of time
To
Since moving to semnan, i have gone to Shahmirzad a number of time

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کوتاه کردن کلاز های زمانی
در As, while, when
As را حذف کنید
فاعل حذف
اگر فعل معلوم بود ing
اگر فعل مجهول بود pp

When she was supported by the company, she could direct a good film.
To
supported by the company, she could direct a good film.

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کوتاه کردن کلاز های زمانی
در as soon as
As soon as را حذف کن
و به جایش upon یا on استفاده می کنیم
اگر فعل معلوم بود ing
اکر مجهول pp
فاعل رو حذف می کنیم

As soon as we woke up, we got our fishing poles and went to the lake.
To
On/ upon waking up, we got our fishing poles and went to the lake.

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کوتاه کردن کلاز های زمانی
در حالت منفی
Not قبل فعل اضافه میشه
اگر فعل معلوم بود ing
اکر مجهول pp
فاعل رو حذف می کنیم

As he didn’t want to disturb her, he left the room quickly
To
Not wanting to disturb her, he left the room quickly

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کوتاه کردن کلاز های زمانی
Though, although
فاعل و فعل tobe حذف می شود
اسم یا صفت را نگه میداریم
اگر فعل معلوم بود ing
اکر مجهول pp

Though she was an excellent student, she failed to pass the test.
Though an excellent student, she failed to pass the test.
Although he had a car, he decided to walk
Although having a car, he decided to walk

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Discussion type writting
نکات اصلی
همیشه سوال اینجوریه
Discuss boss views and give your opinion

۱- در مقدمه به هیچ عنوان نظر شخصی نمیدهیم
۲- حتما دو پارگراف بدنه داشته باشیم و سعی کنیم از نظر اندازه یکی باشند
۳- تاپیک هر بادی باید مستقیما کاملا به یک طرف موضوع اشاره کند
۴- در پارگراف بادی به هیچ عنوان i نداشته باشیم
۵- در هر پارگراف ۲ یا سه دلیل داشته باشیم و با یک توضیح و‌مثال بسط بدهیم
۶- حتما در جمله اول نتیجه گیری نظرمون را به طور مستقیم‌بیان‌کنیم‌
۷- پاراگراف دوم‌بهتر است با نظر خودمون همخوانی داشته باشد

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Discussion type writting
ابتدای پارگراف دوم‌باید از عبارت های ذیل استفاده کنیم برای نشان دادن تضاد

پاراگراف اول :
On the one hand
ابتدای پاراگراف دوم:
On the other hand
However
Nevertheless
In contrast
Nonetheless

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Discussion type writting
مقدمه

1- People are calling into question the…
پارافرایز سوال
2-while some advocate the idea that….,others dismiss them as …
3- both side of the argument present rational ideas, which will be elaborated
3- دو طرف استدلال عقاید عقلی دارند که به تفصیل بیان خواهد شد

Discussion type writing
Body 1

1- on the one hand, ..ایده…
2- to begin with, ایده اول
3- that is to say, توضیح
4- for instance , مثال
5- moreover, ایده دوم
6- this in turn, توضیح ایده دوم

Discussion type writing
Body 2
نزدیک‌به‌نظر خودمون در نتیجه کیری باشد

1- گفتن تاپیک با ایجاد تضاد با
On the other hand , in contrast, nevertheless , others put forward the argument that…
2- the most compelling justifying their assertion is that ایده
3- in other word, توضیح
4- more specially , توضیح بیشتر
5- a good illustration of this
6- furthermore , ایده دوم‌

Discussion type writing
Conclusion

1-to conclude, گفتن‌نظر مستقیم در جمله اول
2- however, Such as
3- this is mainly because

Contrast 1
ولی در مقابل
But

Life expectancy in Japan is now over 8, but it is several years lower in the UK

Contrast 2
Whereas
While
Whilst

-Reds and yellow are warm colors. Whereas blue and greens are cool.
-While only 84 people died on the railways last year, more than 5000 died on the roads .

Contrast 3 مهم نیست که این کلمات را سر کدام طرف بیاوریم هرچند که جمله ای که با این کلمات شروع می شود تاکید بیشتری دارد While, whereas, but, whilst

-I have two sisters, while my best friends has two brothers While I have a two sisters, my best friend has two brothers.

Concession 1 ولی جای تعجب دار گاهی اوقات دو عبارت با هم تضاد مستقیم ندارند و نوعی تعجب را می سازند ساده ترین و معمول ترین But

Derek failed the exam, but he had started to really hard for it.

Concession 2 Although, even though

-Derek failed exam, although he had studied really hard for it. -although he had started really hard for the exam, Derek failed it.

فرق تضاد و concession

اگر جای کلمه تضاد در جمله عوض شود کل جمله پارت دوم به اول می اید

Concession 3 عبارت رسمی تر Yet

Kelly Was convicted criminal, yet many people admired him کلی مجرم شناخته شد، اما بسیاری از مردم او را تحسین کردند

برای بیان contrast و concession می توانیم از حرف اضافه Despite In spite of Although استفاده کنیم

Despite the depressed gold price, mine production rose in most areas last year علیرغم کاهش قیمت طلا، تولید معادن در سال گذشته در بیشتر مناطق افزایش یافت

برای بیان‌contrast و concession میتوانیم از حرف اضافه Despite In spite of استفاده کنیم

despite the depressed gold price, mine production rose in the most areas last year

با توجه به حرف اضا فه بودن despite و in spite of نباید و نمی توانند که با جمله کامل بیایند

مثلا این غلط هست Despite she saw me in car, she didn't wave or say hello به جای despite باید از although استفاده شود

بعد از despite و in spite of میتوانیم از ing تور استفاده کنیم

despite offering poor conditions and basic salaries, charities rarely have problem in recruiting staff.

در صورتیکه می خواهیم بعد از despite و in spite of از جمله استفاده کنیم عبارت The fact that بعد از آنها استفاده می کنیم

In spite of the fact that,the final rehearsal have gone so badly, the first night was a great success. مشقrehearsal

برای بیان contrast در دو جمله بجای بیان در یک جمله میتوانیم از عبارات ذیل در ابتدای جمله بعدی استفاده شود However, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary

While a dog may be a good companion for elderly, the need to take it for walks may be a disadvantage. A dog may be a good companion for the elderly, however, the need to take it for walks may be a disadvantage. .

Despite/ in spite of توجه داشته باشید که این دو عبارت چون حرف اضافه هستند نمی توانند با جمله کامل استفاده شوند

Although(despite is incorrect), she saw me in the car she didn't wave or say hello

While the new version of windows is not the problem-free ,it is a still an improvement on the previous one. The new version of Windows is not problem-free. Nevertheless, it is a still an improvement on the previous one.

Companion

همراه و همدم

برای بیان concession ها در دو جمله بجای یک جمله میتوانیم از عبارات ذیل استفاده کنیم Still Even so

Although the last attempt to swim the channel ended in disaster, more swimmers then ever are or training to achieve this difficult feat. The last attempt to swim the channel ended in disaster, Even so, more swimmers than ever are training to achieve this difficult feat. آخرین تلاش برای شنا در کانال با فاجعه به پایان رسید، با این حال، شناگران بیش از هر زمان دیگری در حال تمرین برای رسیدن به این شاهکار دشوار هستند.

آموزنده

Informative

Adverb تضاد

Onthe other hand In contrary However Nevertheless

Adverb اضافه کردن اطلاعات

in addition Furthermore More ever

Adverb برای مثال

for instance For example A good illustration of this is

Adverb نتیجه گیری

Hence To conclude In conclusion To sum up Therefore

عبارت شرطی

Otherwise