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Introduction to Philosophy > Lesson 7 - Human Person in Environment > Flashcards

Lesson 7 - Human Person in Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Discipline in philosophy that
studies the moral relationship
of human beings, values, and moral status of the environment and its
non-human contents.

A

“environmental ethics”

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2
Q

basic question of environmental ethics

A

“what are
those entities that should
be given moral
consideration or value?”

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3
Q

2 views of philosophers and ethicists

A

Human and non-human views

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4
Q

type of value that has an

inherent worth in itself—valuable or good for its own sake.

A

Intrinsic value (Preservation of life, dignity, happiness, etc.)

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5
Q

type of value that serves as a means towards achieving a certain
end—a means to an end/particular purpose.

A

Instrumental value (ex. money, power, law, etc.)

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6
Q

Attribution of Moral Consideration and the Corresponding Approaches:

A

HUMAN - ANTHROPOCENTRISM

NON-HUMANS – PANTHOCENTRISM

LIVING ORGANISMS – BIOCENTRISM

HOLISTIC ENTITIES or COMMUNTIES – ECOCENTRICISM

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7
Q

human beings as the center of moral

consideration

A

Anthropocentrism

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8
Q

from Judeo-Christian Tradition (Genesis 1:26-29)

A

Anthropocentrism

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9
Q

Earth and other natural resources are

instruments for man to explore, conquer, to make use of it and benefit from

A

Anthropocentrism

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10
Q

viewed MAN as superior because of

his/her unique capacity as a rational being.

A

Plato and Aristotle

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11
Q

claimed that man is the measure of all things

A

Protagoras

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12
Q 
"only human beings
are moral due to his special
ability towards
self-consciousness and
deliberation."
A

Protagoras

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13
Q

Barbara Mackinnon believed that…

A 
This good need not be defined
narrowly in terms of the
satisfaction of individual interests
of a limited sources—prudential
anthropocentrism/what you use, you replace/
  • as stewards we keep the balance and beauty of nature
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14
Q

in her book “Ethics: theory and
Contemporary Issues”:

“Our own good requires that we have due and wise regard for animals and environment”.

A

Barbara Mackinnon

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15
Q

instead of dominion over nature, we
are mere stewards responsible for keeping the balance and beauty in
nature.

A

Recognizes duties towards

the environment

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16
Q

an Australian philosopher; “Animal Liberation”

A

Peter Singer

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17
Q

concept of “Animal Liberation” - PANTHOCENTRISM

A

moral consideration must extended to
higher forms of animals or intelligent animals like dogs and chimpanzees, who are sentient—have the capacity to feel
pain.

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18
Q 
“To give preference to the
life of a being, simply
because that being is a
member of our species
would put us in the same
position as racists who give
preference to those who
are members of their race”.
A

Peter Singer

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19
Q

Two Arguments/Reasons why animals have moral consideration

A 
1. They are sentient being and
they could feel pain. 
- “all the
arguments to prove man’s
superiority cannot shatter
this hard fact; in the animals are our equals."
2. They possess inherent or
intrinsic value. 
- They are an end in
themselves—should not be
regarded as a means of
man’s selfish ends.
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20
Q

Viewed that not only humans
and animals, but also plants
should be morally considerable.

A

BIOCENTRISM

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21
Q

BIOCENTRISM includes…

A

Preservation of biodiversity with
its plants and animals.

Protection for all living organism including animal rights

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22
Q

in Paul Taylor’s “Ethics of Respect for

Nature”

A

“all living things should be considered as “teleogical centers of life”

—every living organism has its own telos, or goal or purpose to fulfill in this world.

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23
Q

in Kenneth Goodpaster’s “On Being

Morally Considerable”

A

being sentient is just a means of attaining a living organism’s goal of being alive or having life.

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24
Q

moral consideration in Hinduism

A

Panthocentrism

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25
Q

benefactors in Biocentrism

A

Plants
Animals
Humans

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26
Q

Regard ecosystem as holistic
entities that should be given
moral consideration.

A

ECOCENTRICISM

27
Q

Leopold’s “land ethic” implies that…

A 
“a thing is
right when it tends to preserve
the integrity, stability and
beauty of the biotic
community. It is wrong when it
tends to do otherwise”
28
Q

in Callicott’s “The Conceptual
Foundations of the Land
Ethic”

A 
the land ethic morality is the next stage of
man’s ethical evolutionary
development—moving towards
seeing things less
individualistically, but in a more
holistically.
29
Q

Rolston’s “Challenges in Environmental Ethics” emphasizes

A

the need for ecological conscience for

environmental ethics to take a foothold.

30
Q

“environmental ethics is not a
muddle; it is an invitation to moral
development”

A

Rolston

  • All ethics seeks appropriate respect
    for life, but respect for human life is
    only a subset of respect for all life.
31
Q

is the overall totality (ecosystem) that has moral consideration; you cannot remove anything for every being has a purpose that makes the ecosystem function

A

Ecocentrism

32
Q

Theories in Radical Ecological Philosophy

A

DEEP ECOLOGY

SOCIAL ECOLOGY

ECOFEMINISM

33
Q

a theory against the traditional and conventional view of the environment.

A

DEEP ECOLOGY

34
Q 
assumes that
all living things possess equal
value and intrinsic worth
regardless of their usefulness
or utility to other beings.
A

DEEP ECOLOGY

35
Q 
human being
should look at the self as an
extension of nature, where
the human ego would be
identified with nature.
A

Arne Naess

  • Respect and care for self is
    tantamount to respect and
    care for nature—self-realization.
36
Q

“the poor are not all concerned with
intrinsic value of nature and its
species or the quality of life;
survival is their main concern.”

A

Ramachandra Guha of India, a critique against naess

37
Q 
Tagged the deep ecologist as elitists
and cultural imperialists for their
attempt to preserve wilderness for
the benefit of the rich and well-off
society.
A

Ramachandra Guha of India

38
Q

against domination of existing
hierarchical structures in society that pre-empt the full development of the full
nature of an individual

A

SOCIAL ECOLOGY

39
Q

in social ecology…

A

individual - social network - institutional - community - public policy

40
Q

theory where man and woman are equal

A

SOCIAL ECOLOGY

41
Q 
“until human beings cease to live in
societies that are structured around
hierarchies as well as economic
classes, we shall never be free of
domination”
A

Murray Bookchin

  • the very notion of the
    domination of nature by man stems
    from the very real domination of
    human by human
42
Q

Believes that ecological problems rooted from social problem:

A

Political - power relations

industrialist society - reduced human as machines

42
Q

Believes that ecological problems rooted from social problem:

A

Political - power relations

industrialist society - reduced human as machines

43
Q

A reaction against male
domination and the
corresponding women
oppression.

A

ECOFEMINISM

44
Q 
Believed that in our
relationship with the
environment is rooted on
male-centered viewed in
nature.
A

ECOFEMINISM

45
Q 
against to
the existing patriarchal
relations as well as
capitalist system
supporting exploitative
economic structures to
the detriment of
women and nature.
A

ECOFEMINISM

46
Q

serves as a social and
political agenda for the
benefit of both women and
nature

A

ECOFEMINISM

47
Q 
believes that a
society characterized by a
mentality that tolerates the
oppression of women is
directly linked with its
tendency to tolerate the
abuse of the environment
and degradation of nature.
A

ECOFEMINISM

48
Q

Features of the Ecofeminist View:

A
  1. Historical, typical causal
    connection - Prototypical patterns of
    domination
  2. Conceptual Connections - if they dominate women, what more to the nature
  3. Symbolic Connections - language degrading women and nature
49
Q

Environmental resource owned by many or no one

A

Common Resource

50
Q

One of the major environmental challenges of the world today

A

Climate Change

51
Q

threat to the world’s basic need

A

Climate Change

52
Q

Environmental Challenges: number of species have already

been extinct ever since

A

Preservation of Endangered
species: The Continuing
Challenge

53
Q

Environmental Challenges: rising global population combined with economic
growth in emerging markets
will trigger growing demand
for portable water and food.

A

Water Scarcity: the

Emerging Challenge

54
Q

Environmental Challenges: Developments that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs.

A

Sustainable Development:

The Future Challenge

55
Q 
Emphasized a more primal
obligation that we have to
recognize; an obligation to
protect the environment from
oneself.
A

Peter Wenz

56
Q

what is our duty according to Peter Wenz?

A

to protect the environment from any and
every threat or a duty to bring
aid

57
Q 
leading proponent if global
environment initiatives to
bring about environmental
sustainability on a global
level.
A

United Nations (Global Initiatives)

58
Q

Environmental Program and

Protocols:

A 
Kyoto protocol (2005)
Montreal Protocol (1987)
Basel Convention (1989)
Global Marshall Plan (1990)
59
Q

reduce carbon dioxide emissions

A

Kyoto protocol

60
Q 
Protection of the Ozone Layer,
aimed to reduce ozone depletion
by phasing out products that
contain substances responsible for
such; Chlorofluorocarbons, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and Hydrofluorocarbons.
A

Montreal Protocol

60
Q 
Protection of the Ozone Layer,
aimed to reduce ozone depletion
by phasing out products that
contain substances responsible for
such; Chlorofluorocarbons, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and Hydrofluorocarbons.
A

Montreal Protocol

61
Q 
aimed at controlling ‘transboundary
movements of hazardous wastes
and their disposal’ to protect
developing countries to become
dumping sites for toxic waste of
developed countries.
A

Basel Convention

62
Q 
proposed by Albert Gore
former US Vice President,
envisions the attainment of
sustainable development by
making wealthy nations with
advanced economies help
Third World nations by
bringing and sharing their
advanced green technologies.
A

Global Marshall Plan

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