Lesson 2 - The Enlightenment

Question 1

known as the Age of Reason that took place in Europe during the 18th century

Answer 1

the Enlightenment

Question 2

thinkers called philosophes began to use reason to try to understand how the world worked and how to make it better

Answer 2

the Enlightenment

Question 3

Old superstitions were rejected and religious beliefs

were challenged

Answer 3

the Enlightenment

Question 4

Ideas that originated during the Enlightenment

Answer 4

Right to happiness
Science should be practical
Discrimination is wrong
Separation of church and state
Right to privacy
Governments should not be all-powerful
Freedom of speech
Education and prison reforms
Seeds of Democracy

Question 5

CATALYSTS

Answer 5

religious warfare of the 1600s

Louis XIV revoked edict of nantes

Question 6

The father of modern rationalism

“I think, therefore I am”

Answer 6

Rene Descartes

Question 7

The Scientific Revolution:

Scientific Method: systematic observations and
careful experiments would lead to correct principles

was proposed by

Answer 7

Francis Bacon

Question 8

Natural laws can be discovered

Answer 8

Isaac Newton

Question 9

Heliocentric model challenges both established science and the Church

Answer 9

Nicholas Copernicus

Question 10

Opens the door to the questioning of other realms

Answer 10

Nicholas Copernicus

Question 11

“no need for God in science”

Answer 11

Francis Bacon

Question 12

Develops mathematical ideas that explain the physical universe (Laws of Motion)

Answer 12

Isaac Newton

Question 13

supreme principle of morality is a standard of rationality “Categorical Imperative”

Answer 13

Immanuel Kant

Question 14

18th century Enlightenment – The Age of Reason

Answer 14

Revolution in philosophy

Philosophers, inspired by scientists, started
questioning God and God’s role in society

emphasis was placed on criticizing government and the church

Question 15

One of the main issues that was discussed during this

time

Answer 15

role of government

Question 16

Enlightenment thinkers

Answer 16

(philosophes)

Question 17

Believed that men are entitled to life, liberty and PROPERTY, “Government should
protect us from us”

Answer 17

John Locke (english)

• more on property
• Inspiration for the American founding fathers

Question 18

Believed that all men are entitled to life, liberty and EQUALITY

Answer 18

Jean Jacque Rousseau (french)

-Inspiration for the French revolutionaries (many women and poor commoners)

Question 19

“Government should promote equality among “all men

Answer 19

Jean Jacque Rousseau

Question 20

Men form governments; Governments must respond to the needs of men; If a government does not respond to the needs of men, men have the
right to change the government.

Answer 20

The “Social Contract”

Question 21

attacked the Church and the French government

though his short novel, Candide

Answer 21

Voltaire

Question 22

Advocated freedom of religion and separation of church and state; Advocated the right of
citizens to a fair and impartial trial

Answer 22

Voltaire

-advocated deism

Question 23

attacked the idea of government intervention in the economy

Answer 23

Adam Smith

Question 24

Believed in a pure capitalist system where the “law of supply and demand” would determine prices

Answer 24

Adam Smith

Question 25

questioned the existence of God; Used a logical and scientific argument to question faith

Answer 25

David Hume

Question 26

“Since faith itself is irrational, what makes one faith right for everyone?”

Answer 26

David Hume

-member of the church but never waivered

Question 27

advocated a belief in God even if that belief was irrational

Answer 27

Deism and the Watchmaker Theory

-No need for prayer or worship – it’s counterproductive – God’s not listening anyway

Question 28

The Results of the Enlightenment

Answer 28

Reason is used to justify different forms of government

Stimulated religious tolerance

Progress is encouraged

Inspired revolutions

Question 29

Voltaire

Answer 29

Monarchy

Question 30

Rousseau

Answer 30

Democracy

Question 31

Enlightenment ideas in new world:

The American Revolution

Answer 31

more of a war for independence, but it did incorporate rhetoric from the Age of Reason

Question 32

Written by Thomas Jefferson

Answer 32

Declaration of Independence

Question 33

Considered the first true
government document
containing enlightenment
principles

Answer 33

Declaration of Independence

Question 34

Enlightenment ideas in the old world:

Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe

Answer 34

monarchs and emperors modernized the states while the people earned some political and social rights

Question 35

Women of the Enlightenment

Answer 35

Madame Geoffrin

Abigail Adams

Olympe de Gouges

Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 36

Wife to John Adams, who was a leader of the American Revolution and later President.

Answer 36

Abigail Adams

Question 37

“Remember, all men would be tyrannts if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies, we are determined to start a rebellion…we will not hold ourselves bound to any Laws in which we have no voice.”

Answer 37

Abigail Adams

Question 38

she argued that women deserved the same rights and opportunities as men; believed education was the key for women wanting equality and freedom.

Answer 38

Mary Wollstonecraft