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Introduction to Philosophy > Lesson 1 - History and Branches of Philosophy (ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL) > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - History and Branches of Philosophy (ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL) Flashcards

1
Q

“philo” means

A

love

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2
Q

“sophia” means

A

wisdom

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3
Q

the person who coined the word philosophy/philosopher

A

Pythagoras

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4
Q

study of general problems
concerning matters such as existence,
knowledge, truth, beauty, justice,
validity, mind, language

A

PHILOSOPHY

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5
Q

distinguished from mysticism or mythology by its critical and systematic approach.

A

PHILOSOPHY

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6
Q

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

A

Metaphysics

Epistemology

Ethics

Aesthetic

Logic

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7
Q

nature of being and reality (ontology, cosmology,

but also mysticism, theology)

A

Metaphysics

-what is life?

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8
Q

nature and scope of knowledge and belief (truth,

justification, methodology)

A

Epistemology

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9
Q

concerned with questions of how persons ought to act (morality, virtue)

A

Ethics

‘moral philosophy’

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10
Q

deals with beauty (art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values).

A

Aesthetic

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11
Q

deals with patterns of thinking that lead from true premises to true conclusions.

A

Logic

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12
Q

FACULTIES IN PHILOSOPHY

A

Idealism

Pragmatism

Existentialism

Essentialism

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13
Q

ideas are the only reliable form of reality.

A

Idealism

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14
Q

rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth.

A

Pragmatism

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15
Q

individuals create their own existence in their own unique way.

A

Existentialism

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16
Q

̈the belief that core of information exists that all people should possess.

A

Essentialism:

  • go with the flow
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17
Q

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY – HISTORICAL DIVISION

A 
Ancient philosophy (Greece 6th ct BC – 6th
AC)

Medieval philosophy (6th AC - 14th AC),

Renaissance (14th AC – 17th)

Early modern phil. (17th – 19th)

Nineteenth cent. phil.

Contemporary philosophy

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18
Q

handmaid of theology

A

PHILOSOPHY

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19
Q

Ancient philosophy is divided into two

A

Pre-Socratic and Socratic Philosophy

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20
Q

EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

A

Persian philosophy (e.g. Zoroastrianism)

Indian philosophy (Buddhism, Hindu)

Chinese philosophy (Taoism, Konfucionalism)

Korean, Japanese, African…

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21
Q

ANCIENT WESTERN PHILOSOPHY – TEMPORAL

DIVISION

A

Pre-Socratic period

Classical periods (Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle)

Hellenistic (post-Aristotelian) period

Christian (and Neo-Platonist) philosophy (Medieval Period)

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22
Q

Role of myths in philosophy - Auguste Comte

A

Entertainment

encourage group self consciousness, nation

consolidation of moral and social
system

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23
Q

PRE-SOCRATIC:

first philosopher

A

Thales of Miletus/MILETUS THALES

politics, astronomy, geometry…(Thales theorem, Thales circle, rangefinder, division of celestial sphere)

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24
Q

believed that that the world only consisted of water and the world was flat and was floating on the ocean

A

Thales of Miletus

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25
Q

HERITAGE OF MILESIANS

complex can be reduced to simple, many to few or even one; western thinking

A

Reductionism

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26
Q

everything comes from one principle – but inconsistent;

A

Monism

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27
Q

All rational approach and all science is based

on reduction

A

(inner and outer reductionism)

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28
Q

Miletus fell under Persia – the end of Milesian

philosophy

A

547 BC

479 BC - Miletus rebuilt
334 BC - captured by Alexander the Great
133 - part of Roman empire, Byzantine empire
1328 AD till now - under Turkish rule (Balat)

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29
Q

Basic difference to Eastern thinking

A

Holism

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30
Q

debunked the statement of earth being covered with water

A

Pythagoras of Samos

Disciple of Anaximander
Rational Numbers

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31
Q

School of Pythagoras

A

Number or limit is the basic principle

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32
Q

theorem, doctrine teaching: esoteric and

exoteric

A

MATHEMATICA (mathematics)

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33
Q

harmony, Universe

A

COSMOS (order, jewel)

34
Q

principle of unification; joint fastening

A

HARMONIA (harmony)

35
Q

principle of personal identity

A

PSYCHE (soul)

36
Q

followers of pythagoras

A

Neopythagoreism

37
Q

against democracy and advocated

ARISTOCRACY

A

Heraclitus of Ephesus

  • earth is also composed of fire
38
Q

skoteinos means

39
Q

Dynamical approach

A

YOU CANNOT STEP TWICE INTO THE
SAME RIVER. - cratylus

The learning of many things teaches not
understanding.

IF YOU DO NOT EXPECT THE
UNEXPECTED, YOU WILL NOT FIND IT…

NATURE LOVES TO HIDE.

THE EYES ARE MORE EXACT WITNESSES
THAN THE EARS.

40
Q

Heraclitus and Taoism

A

Laoze (Lao Tzu)

Dynamic approach

41
Q

Stoic philosophy

A

“Everything flows”

42
Q

philosophers against the stoic philosophy

A

Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Heidegger

43
Q

states that the earth is composed of atoms

44
Q

“I WOULD RATHER FIND A SINGLE CAUSAL EXPLANATION (AITIOLOGIA) THAN GAIN THE KINGDOM OF PERSIA.”

A
  • Democritus
45
Q

teachers of wisdom, spontaneous learning

A

Sophists

  • subjective; objectivism begone!
46
Q

the use of fallacious argument knowing them to be such Negative approaches

47
Q

“NOTHING EXISTS; IF ANYTHING

EXISTED, IT COULD NOT BE KNOWN; IF ANYTHING DID EXIST, AND COULD BE KNOWN, IT COULD NOT BE COMMUNICATED.”

48
Q

self proclaimed first philosopher and father of philosophy

A

Pythagoras

49
Q

he realized how little we know about anything

A

Socrates

  • follower of sophists
    father: sculptor
    mother: midwife
50
Q

dialectic method, based on dialogues

A

Socratic method

51
Q

the starting point,

A

Self-knowledge

52
Q

“WHATEVER EXISTS FOR A USEFUL PURPOSE

MUST BE THE WORK OF SOME INTELLIGENCE”

53
Q

Socratic moral paradox

A

Knowledge – virtue
Ignorance – evil
Sin – the lack of knowledge

54
Q

“NO ONE FREELY GOES FOR BAD THING OR THING HE BELIEVES TO BE BAD.”

55
Q

Great poetic writer (unlike Socrates)

56
Q

“AS IN THE CASE OF A SHIP, WHERE THE PILOT’S AUTHORITY RESTS UPON KNOWLEDGE OF NAVIGATION, SO ALSO THE SHIP OF STATE SHOULD BE PILOTED NOT BY ALL CITIZENS, LIKE IN
DEMOCRACY, BUT BY ONLY ONE WHO HAS ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE.”

“Kings were philosophers and philosophers were kings.”

57
Q

Plato own philosophical myths

58
Q

platonic dualistic way of doing

59
Q

Plato’s ideal state

A

“UNLESS PHILOSOPHERS BECOME RULERS OR RULERS BECOME TRUE AND THOROUGH STUDENTS OF PHILOSOPHY, THERE SHALL BE NO END TO THE TROUBLES OF STATES AND OF HUMANITY.”

60
Q

corresponding to the reasonable soul

61
Q

corresponding to desire

62
Q

corresponding to courage

63
Q

State absolutism

A

totalitarianism

64
Q

he said that there is a dual world of a form and world of ideas

A

Plato

  • idealistic
  • the ruler king (useless=death)
  • 36 dialogues, letters
65
Q

he said that philosophers were the best rulers

66
Q

he started syllogisms or the schemes of logical judgements

67
Q

“THANKS TO MY FATHER I AM LIVING, THANKS TO ARISTOTLE I KNOW HOW TO LIVE.”

"THE ATHENIANS MIGHT NOT HAVE
ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY OF SINNING
AGAINST PHILOSOPHY AS THEY HAD
ALREADY DONE IN THE PERSON OF
SOCRATES."
A

Alexander the Great

68
Q

declared as the father of philosophy by the public

69
Q

ARISTOTLE AND ARISTOTELISM

A

Logic

Syllogisms

Metaphysics

Physics

70
Q

“The best form of government is that, which best suits the character of the people.”

“IT IS CLEAR THAT SOME MEN ARE BY NATURE FREE, AND OTHERS SLAVES, AND THAT FOR THESE SLAVERY IS BOTH EXPEDIENT AND RIGHT.”

71
Q

earth is in the middle

A

Geocentric

72
Q

sun is in the middle

A

Heliocentric

73
Q

how things appear to us, but the same thing appears differently to different people

A

SKEPTICISM

74
Q

Early Christian writers

A

Church Fathers

Theology and philosophy

75
Q

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY:

Christian, Montanist, his own sect, Aggressive sarcastic style

A

Tertullianus

76
Q

If you want to understand the catholic church, you have to understand Augustine

77
Q

uses philosophy to explain the trinity

A

AUGUSTIN OF HIPPO

78
Q

“Last Romans and the first scholastic philosopher.”

79
Q

“How can we say that we can face to face with God?”

A

Thomas Aquinas

-existence of God

80
Q

seekers or inquirers, basic mood is of doubt

Introduction to Philosophy (8 decks)

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