Lesson 7 Endocrine System Flashcards
What is hyperpituitarism (gigantism/Acromagely)?
- Overproduction of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland.
- Occurs in adulthood
- Life shortening
- Overgrowth of bones, soft tissue, and cardiac dysfuntion
What is the Etiology of Hyperpituitarism?
Benign slow-growing tumors in the anterior pituitary
S&S of Hyperpituitarism (gigantism/Acromagely)?
- Excessive growth of long bones of body
- Develops abruptly and causes abnormal height increase
- Appear gradually causing deformation and coarsening of the facial features and enlargement of hands, feet, head and tongue
- increased sweating, thick coarse oily skin, chronic sinus congestion
- HEADACHES, weakness, joint pain, vision disorders
Treatment of Hyperpituitarism (gigantism/acromagely)?
- Lower hGH level to normal
- stabilize or remove tumor
- radiation therapy
What is Hypopituitarism (dwarfism)?
- insufficient level of growth hormone scretion caused by a pituitary tumor
S&S of Hypopituitarism?
- slowly develops
- children-dwarfism
- low tolerance of cold
- fatigue, anorexia, weight gain or loss
- loss of skin pigmentation
Treatment of Hypopituitarism?
- Replace the hormone with synthetic growth hormone
- only works if the bones haven’t fused yet.
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
- Diabetes means siphon (water passes right through)
2. Kidneys are unable to conserve water (decreased vasopression)
What is the etiology of diabetes insipidus?
- Tumors- decreased vassopression (not being able to retain water
- Removal of pituitary gland
- kidney dysfunction
How to diagnose Diabetes Insipidus?
- Dehydration test
S&S of Diabetes Insipidus?
- DRY SKIN
- Polyuria - increased urination-sticky
- Polydipsia - increased thirst
- Dehydration
- weight loss
What is Simple Goiter?
- Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
What is the etiology of Simple Goiter?
Thyroid gland cannot secrete enough T3 and T4 iodide horomones.
S&S of Simple Goiter?
Small or massive nodule in front of neck just above sternum
How to diagnose Goiter?
- Ultrasound
2. History and physical exam
Treatment of Simple Goiter?
- Iodine supplements of T3 and T4 hormone help reduce goiter
What is Graves disease?
- Over-secretion of T3 and T4 iodide hormones by thyroid gland
- too much thyroid hormone - lose weight
S&S of Graves Disease?
- hot/sweaty
- patches on skin with an orange color
- protruding eye - “frightened” appearance (exophthlamos)
- nervous/anxious
Treatment of Graves Disease?
- anti-thyroid medication
- iodide compounds
- remove thyroid (surgery) *will need medication permanantly
- beta blockers
What is Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
Thyroid hormone gets to low because of inflammation.
S&S of Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
- Lump on neck (large thyroid) w/pain and tenderness
- fatigue and depressed
- cold intolerance, dry skin and hair
- dysphagia-discomfort swallowing
How to diagnose Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
Blood test
How to treat Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
- hormone replacement therapy
- analgesics
- anti-inflammatory drugs
What is Hypothyroidism?
Body not producing enough thyroid hormone
S&S of Hypothyroidism?
- muscle cramping
- clouded thinking
- dry skin
- depressed/fatigued
- always cold
Treatment of Hypothyroidism?
Lifelong hormone replacement therapy (synthetic or animal derived)
What are the 4 types of Thyroid Cancer?
- papillary 80% ages 30-50
- follicular 10% over 50
- medullary sporadic
- anaplactic - very aggressive over 60 years of age
S&S of Thyroid Cancer?
- hoarseness
- swallowing difficulty
- lump in neck
Treatment of Thyroid Cancer?
- surgery
- radiation
- chemotherapy
What is Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia)?
excessive amounts of parathyroid
S&S of Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia)?
- kidney stones
- joint pain
- urinating and vomiting
- CNS - depression/FORGETFULNESS
- fatigue
- brittle bones and muscle weakness/atrophy
Cause of Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia)?
- benign tumor (adenoma) on parathyroid gland
2. lower calcium levels
How to diagnose and treatment of Hyperparathyroidism?
D = Radioimmunoassay T = reduce circulating calcium
What is Hypoparathyroidism (Hypocalcemia)?
too little parathyroid hormone
Cause of Hypoparathyroidism?
- hereditary
2. removal of parathyroid tissue during surery
S&S of Hypoparathyroidism?
- TINGLING OF EXTREMITIES
- low calcium in blood (tetany)
- painful menstruation
- memory problems
- Brittle nails and losing hair
Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism?
T = lifelong vitamin D and calcium
diet high in calcium, low in phosphorus
What is Cushing Syndrome?
What is Addisons Disease?
- Cushing - too high coritsol
2. Addisons - too low cortisol
What is the etiology of Cushing Syndrome?
- tumor
- infections of adrenal glands
- tuberculosis
S&S of Cushing Syndrome?
- weight gain
- purple striae/stretch marks on face
- moon shaped face
- buffalo hump on back
- blood pressure (hypertension) and glucose go up (hyperglycemia)
Treatment for Cushing Syndrome?
Restore cortisol to normal with:
- surgery
- drug therapy
- radiation
- adrenalectomy
S&S of Addisons Disease?
- craves salt
- weight loss
- vomiting
- low blood pressure
Treatment of Addisons Disease?
Hormone replacement therapy
What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Cysts on ovaries causing:
- irregular menstrual cycles
- excess hair growth from androgens
- obesity
* Leading cause of infertility
Cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
excess amounts of androgens (male hormones)
S&S of Polycystic Ovary syndrome
- lose menstrual cycle
- overweight and acne
- high blood pressure
- cysts on ovaries
- sleep apnea
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
- Describe Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
2. Describe Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
- Beta cells are destroyed in pancreas=little to no insulin produced
- Insulin resistance and/or decreased insulin production
Etiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
- Type 1 - Commonly immune-mediated (children)
2. Type 2 - Poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity (adults)
S&S of type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
- Polyuria - increased urination-STICKY
- Polydipsia - increased thirst
- weight loss
- vision loss
- loss of sensation in extremities
- reproductive complications
Type 2: Depends on severity. could be similar or asymptomatic
