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Communicable and NonCommunicable Diseases > Chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 external body barriers?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucus
  3. Body Fluid Secretions
  4. Friendly Bacteria
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2
Q

How does skin protect?

A
  1. Destroys bacteria because of lactic acid and fatty acids in sweat and low pH generated by sebaceous secretions.
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3
Q

How does Mucus protect?

A
  1. Bacteria cant attach to body.

2. Cilia remove the trapped foreign particles.

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4
Q

How does body fluid secretion protect and what are examples?

A
  1. Removes bacteria and foreign particles for the body. Tears, saliva, cerumen, and urine
  2. Tears, gastric juice, semen, nasal secretions and saliva contain bactericidal components that destroy pathogens..
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5
Q

How does friendly bacteria protect the body?

A

Bacteria in the vagina produce lactic acid and metabolize glycogen secreted by the vaginal epithelium. When these friendly bacteria are killed by antibiotic use, glycogen increases and allows yeast (Candida Albicans) to grow, producing vaginal cadidiasis.

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6
Q

What is the inflammation steps?

A
  1. Injury/Infection
  2. Dilation of blood vessels (which causes permeability)
  3. Permeability Increases (ability to pass through)
  4. Leukocytes leave the blood vessel (diapedesis)
  5. Phagocytosis (destroying foreign material)
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7
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The process of bringing luekocytes to the area of infection.

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

White blood cells destroying foreign material.

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9
Q

What do the chemical mediators do?

A

Draw the leukocytes to the area of infection. Process known as chemotaxis.

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10
Q

What are the six links in the chain of infection?

A
  1. Pathogen = the disease causing agent
  2. Reservoir = the habitat
  3. Portal of exit = leaves source host
  4. Transmission = how the pathogen is passed
  5. Portal of entry = enters host
  6. New host
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11
Q

What is a pathogen and examples?

A
  1. The disease causing agent.
    a. virus
    b. bacteria
    c. rickettsiae
    d. protozoa
    e. fungi & yeast
    f. nematoda
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12
Q

What are examples of a Reservoir?

A

The habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives and grows.

1. Human
2. Animal
3. Environmental: Plants, soil, & water
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13
Q

What is the portal of exit?

A

The path by which an agent leaves the source host?

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14
Q

What are the two modes of transmission?

A
  1. Direct: handshake, kissing, droplet spray

2. Indirect: (there was a barrier) Using touching or ingesting any contaminated object or food

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15
Q

What is portal of entry?

A

The path by which the agent enters the susceptible host.

ex. respiratory, oral, skin, intravenous, gastrointestinal

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16
Q

What is a fungus (yeast & mold)?

A

Aka: Mycoses - present in soil, air, and water.

  • Thrive in warm, dark, moist places.
    ex. ringworm or athletes foot
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17
Q

What is a virus?

A

Smallest disease causing agent and borrows cell’s machinery to reproduce.

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18
Q

What are the two types of parasites?

A
  1. Protozoa = single celled

2. Metazoa = Multi-cellular

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19
Q

What is a Protozoa?

A

A single-celled parasitic animal

  • release toxins/enzymes that destroy cells or interfere with function
    ex. malaria
20
Q

What is a Metazoa?

A

Multi-cellular parasitic animal (worms) that competes for the body’s food.
ex. tapeworm, roundworm, (Ascariasis)

21
Q

What are the four different types of head trauma?

A
  1. Concussion
  2. Cerebral Contusions
  3. Skull fracture
  4. Perforated eardrums
22
Q

What is a concussion?

A

Temporary neural dysfunction. No brain bleeding.

Feeling dazed or very brief loss of consciousness.

23
Q

What is a Cerebral Contusion?

A

Bruising of brain tissue, bleeding in skull.

Loss of consciousness, persistent vomiting, blurred vision, staggered walk, hemorrhage, even death.

24
Q

What is a skull fracture?

A

Accompanied by scalp wounds and profuse bleeding, pain, tenderness, and swelling.

25
Q

What is Abdominopelvic Trauma?

A

Trauma to internal organs such as liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, stomach. Blood loss is concern and normally surgery is used to correct the injury.

26
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

A tumor that will not spread.

27
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

A tumor that can spread. The spreading is called mestasis, or the process of it is metastasizing.

28
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

The body has developed the ability to defend itself.

29
Q

What is Neoplasm?

A

A new formation or new growth?

30
Q

What are the 4 different types of immunity?

A
  1. Active Natural - produce your own Ex. exposed and now producing
  2. Active Artificial - someone has given them to you Ex. vaccine
  3. Passive Natural - Mother to baby Ex. Breastfeeding
  4. Passive Artificial - Take someone’s antibodies and give to self to fight infection
31
Q

What is an allergy?

A

When the immune system malfunctions? The body perceives something that should be normal as foreign. Ex. Hives (Urticaria)

32
Q

What are the factors that play a role in our health?

A
  • Our mind - stomach in knots
  • Lifestyle - stress
  • Environmental factors

Our mental health, lifestyle, and environment is connected to our physiological health.

33
Q

What is pain?

A

The sensation of hurting or of strong discomfort in some part of the body.

34
Q

What are the 7 types of pain?

A
  1. Nociceptive
  2. Neuropathic
  3. Angina
  4. Breakthrough
  5. Malignant
  6. Phantom limb
  7. Psychogenic
35
Q

What is acute pain?

A

The sudden onset of pain which can last months.

36
Q

What is Chronic pain?

A

Pain that continues beyond the normal expected time for resolution.

37
Q

What is Nociceptive pain?

A

Called the tissue pain. Somatic if it is tendons and ligaments.

38
Q

What is Neuropathic pain?

A

Pain that comes from a nervous system lesion.

  • Neural pain - lesion is in brain or spinal cord
  • Peripheral - if lesion is on cranial or spinal cord
39
Q

Define Angina pain.

A

When the blood supply to heart is disrupted.

*A crushing or tightness and burning pain in chest.

40
Q

Define Breakthrough pain.

A

Results from the reoccurrence of chronic pain that earlier responded to pain management.

41
Q

Define Malignant pain.

A

Pain the comes from cancer or treatment for the cancer. Ex. surgery, radiation, chemo

42
Q

Define Phantom limb pain.

A

Pain that is felt in the amputated part of the body.

Described as squeezing or burning.

43
Q

Define Psychogenic pain.

A

Pain experience by individuals with psychological disorders. Very real pain but without a physical cause.

44
Q

How does one assess the pain?

A 
P = Place - point to the place of pain
A = Amount - scale of 1-10
I = Interactions - what worsens the pain?
N = Neutralizers - what lessens the pain?
45
Q

What are the 6 different treatments of Pain?

A

Medication

  1. Nonprescription - Tylenol or Ibuprofren
  2. Prescription - hydrocodone or narcotics
  3. Patient - controlled Analgesia pump
  4. Intrathecal - pump under the skin
  5. Surgery - nuerotomy - sever the nerve
  6. Placebos - effective because person believes it will work

Communicable and NonCommunicable Diseases (9 decks)

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