Lesson 6- Explaining Phobias (learnt and maintained)

Question 1

What is the 2 process model?

Answer 1

1) Learnt- classical conditioning (A) (association) or social learning (B) (others)
2) Maintained- operant conditioning (C) (avoidance- reward)

Question 2

Which study is an example of CC & when was it carried out & by which psychologists?

Answer 2

Little Albert (1920) by Watson & Rayner

Question 3

What is Classcial Conditioning?

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning- association- 2 different stimuli- learning

Question 4

Describe the Little Albert study

Answer 4

1) White rat 🐀 (neutral stimulus- ✖️ initial reaction)- presented alone
2) Loud banging 👂 (unconditioned stimulus)- presented alone- causes unconditioned emotional response (😭)
3) Repeatedly paired 2 stimuli together (NS and UCS) 6 times until CC (learning by association) occurs
4) White 🐀 alone (conditioned stimulus)- causes conditioned emotional response (😭)- association established

Question 5

What was the unintentional result of the study?

Answer 5

Generalisation- all white, fluffy objects- e.g. 🎅 beard

Question 6

What are the evaluation points of classical conditioning?

Answer 6

👎- study- only conducted once- findings not repeated (not reliable)- now not possible- unethical- psychologist use of study
👍- King (1998)- supports classical conditioning- case studies- 👶 acquire phobias- traumatic experiences (childhood)- phobic object
👎- COUNTER- doesn’t explain how all phobias develop- some have 😧 without encounter- some have traumatic experience but no 😧
Menzies (psychologist)- hydrophobia (water)- 2% (sample) phobia 👎 experience (classical conditioning)- 98% (sample) phobia no classical conditioning- … learning only one cause- phobia development

Question 7

What is Social Learning?

Answer 7

Social Learning- observational learning- young 👶- copy, imitate emotional response for same object- develop phobia

Question 8

Which study is an example of SL & who was it carried out by?

Answer 8

Minneka- monkeys 🐵

Question 9

Describe the monkeys 🐵 (Minneka) study

Answer 9

1) One 🐒- fears- 🐍

2) Other 🐵- copied fear response 🐍

Question 10

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 10

Operant Conditioning- phobias maintained:
— Negative reinforcement- avoidance to reduce risk of feeling fear 😟
— Positive reinforcement- avoidance- rewarding- … avoidance continues

Question 11

What are the evaluation points of the 2 process model?

Answer 11

👎- ignores other factors- cause phobias- e.g. biological 🌱 or evolutionary 🦍 factors. Ignores genetic vulnerability (hereditary)- develop phobias- varies between people
👍 - Bandura (psychologist) supports social learning theory- confederate- acted- pain- buzzer- participants- imitated- pain- buzzer
👎- only explains learning in 🦒 🦓 & young 👶- ✖️🧑
👍- two clear steps- received praise- accurate- explains how phobia learnt overall (complete process)