Lesson 6 Cardi

Question 1

Symptoms of cardiovascular

Answer 1

Chest pain
Peripheral edema
Dizziness
Cyanosis
Cough

Question 2

Disease of arteries and vein

Answer 2

Thrombus-
thromboembolism 血栓阻塞
HT

Varicose veins 靜脈曲張

Question 3

Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Atherosclerotic heart disease
Angina pectoris 心絞痛
Myocardial infarction 心肌梗塞

Question 4

Aneurysm

Answer 4

Fusiform aneurysm
Saccular aneurysm
Dissecting aneurysm

Question 5

Coronary artery disease
Caused by?
Symptoms
Partho

Answer 5

Commonly caused by atherosclerosis
Symptoms: angina, myocardial infarction
Partho: fatty substance accumulate on arterial vessel
Narrowing vessel lumen, reduced bloodflow

Question 6

Risk factors of coronary artery disease

Answer 6

Hypertension
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Dyslipidemia

Question 7

Angina pectoris
Why occurs
Reason of less blood supply

Answer 7

Angina occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle-) less blood or oxygen flow into myocaridum

Reduced blood supply may due to atherosclerosis

Question 8

Clinical manifestations of angina pectoris
Symptoms
Feel
Associated with
What triggers
What helps

Answer 8

Chest pain across chest wall, may radiate to neck, jaw, shoulder
Feels. Tight, heavy, burning
Associated with tachycardia, anxiety
What trigger: heavy meal, demand of o2
What helps: rest and medication

Question 9

Myocardial infarction
Jeh is?
Why

Answer 9

Jeh is heart attack
Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque
Completely block the coronary artery
Necrosis of myocadial muscle

Reduced blood flow( hypotension, increased myocardium oxygen demand)

Question 10

Myocardial infarction clinical

Treatment

Answer 10

Chest pain across chest wall, may radiate to neck
Not able to relieve by pain
How pain: more than angina, >15min

Treatment: MONA
morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin

Percutaneous coronary intervention
Percutaneous coronary revascularization(支架)
IV thrombolytics( 溶栓劑）
Coronary artery bypass graft

Question 11

Inflammations

Answer 11

Pericarditis
Outer layer

Myocarditis
Inner layer

Infective endocarditis
MOST COMMON
Bacteria, virus infecting valves
Weakened endocardium

Question 12

Valvular dyfunction

Answer 12

Valvular stenosis
Narrowed valve

Valvular incompetence
Unable to close the valve completely

Question 13

Heart failure

Answer 13

Cardiac dyfunction
Fail to reserve normal as stress sustained
1. Cannot stretch for filling
2. Cannot pump blood out

Left side failure: pulmonary congestion
Right side: systemic congestion

LIFELONG

Question 14

Arrythmias
How?

Answer 14

Uneven heart rhythm
Missed or rapid beat

May caused by abnormal rate of impulse generation/
Impulse conduction-）bradycardia, tachycardia

Atrial fibrillation
Irregularly high beat

Ventricular fibrillation
Cannot pump blood

Question 15

Drugs
Vasodilator
Antihypotensive
Beta-blocker
Calcium channel blocker

Answer 15

Vasodilator:
Nitroglycerin, long act isosorbide
Reduce heart workload

Antihypertensive
Calcium blocker, ACE inhibitor
(Enalapril)
Lower blood pressure

Beta blocker
Atenolol
Block signal workload from increasing heart workload

Calcium channel blocker:
Dilitiazem, nifedipine, amlodipine
To reduce cardiac contractility

Cardiac glycoside
Digoxin
Increase cardiac contractility

Diuretic
Lasix
Remove excessive sodium and water

Anticoagulant
Wafarin
Depress liver generate coagulant factor

Cholesterol+lipid lower
Simvastrin, atorvastrin
Reduce cholesterol synthesis