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Patho > Lesson 10 Endocrine+ Neuro > Flashcards

Lesson 10 Endocrine+ Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands secrete to where?

A

To blood

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2
Q

Insulin vs glucagon

A

Insulin dcrease level of blood sugar by uptaking glucose to cell

Glucagon increase blood sugar level by breaking down glycogen in liver

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3
Q

Endocrine hormone-thyroid, parathyroid

A

Thyroid-thyroxine
Regulate metabolism

Thyroid-calcitonin
Inhibit release of calcium from the bone

Parathyroid-parathyroid hormone
Stimulate the release of calcium from bone

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4
Q

Adrenal cortex-epinephrine

A

Epinephrine-stimulate fight or flight response
(Adrenaline)

Cortisol-stress response

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5
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Glucocorticoids- cortisol
Stress response

Aldosterone
Regulate level of sodium content in the blood

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6
Q

Pineal gland-melatonin

A

Melatonin: sleep cycle and reproductive cycle

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7
Q

Alteration of hormonal regulation

A

Dysfunction of endocrine gland
Elevated or deoressed hormone level
Secretory cell not able to produce, obtain, convert hormone precursors
Increased hormone degradation

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8
Q

Anterior pituitary glands
Hypopituitarism 垂體機能減退

A

Cause：head trauma, infections
Mechanism： diminished hormone secretion by pituitary glands causing dwarfism, premature ageing

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary-hyperpituitarism

A

Mechanism: cause by a benign, slow growing pituitary adrenoma

S/s headache, fatigue, muscle weakness

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10
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone-Acromegaly, gigantism

A

Acromegaly( after adult)
Enlarged feet& hand
Thick lips
Enlarged facial features
Jutting突顯 forehead and jaw

Gigantism( when adolescent)
Grow in height and girth
Large hand and feet
Prominent jaw and forehead

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11
Q

Posterior pituitary- antidiuretic hormone

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

Hypersecretion-less urine
Manifestation: hyponatemia 低鈉血症

Hyposecretion： diabetes insipidus
Polyuria+ polydipsia
Partially or totally not able to concentrate urine
Reason: inadequate ADH

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12
Q

Thyroid glands secreting route(TRH)

A

TRH-) TSH thru blood-) t3 t4( increase metabolism)

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13
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Cause thyrotoxicosis( excessive output of thyroid hormone)
s/s:
Nervousness
Rapid pulse
Heat intolerance(hot)
Exothalmos(眼突）
Increase appetite
Cardiac dysrhymias
Enlarged thyroid glance

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14
Q

Cause of hyperthyrodism

A

Shock
Stress
Infection
Excessive ingestion of thyroid hormone
Excessive iodine intake
Thyroid cancer

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15
Q

Hypothyrodism

A

Inadequate thyroid hormone
Affects body functions and may have myxedema(黏液水腫）
Cause： autoimmune thyroiditis
Treatment of hyperthyroidism
Thyrodectomy （切咗甲狀腺
Radiation to head or neck cancer

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16
Q

Parathyroid hormones uses

A

Stimulate the secretion of calcium from the bones

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17
Q

Hyperparathyroidism
S/s?

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Primary: Excess secretion of parathyroid hormone
Secondary: leads to chronic disease

Hypoparathyroidism: abnormally low PTH

18
Q

Diabetes what type?

A

Type 1( genetic factor)
Insulin deficit (destruction of pancreatic beta cell)

Type 2( mature onset)
Based on decreased effectiveness of insulin or deficit of insulin

19
Q

Adrenal cortex( on kidney)
What disease?

A

Cushing disease
Excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH

Cushing syndrome( adrenal glands)d
Excessive level of cortisol

Adrenocortical hypofunction

Hyperaldosteronism
Too much aldosterone produced by adrenal glands
—) hypokalemia
—) hydrogen ion excretion increase
—) alkalosis

Hypersecretion of androgen& estrogen
Feminisation/ virilization

20
Q

Cushing syndrome
Cause?

A

Excessive adrenocortical or corticosteroid

S/s
Moon face
Buffalo hump
Truncal obesity
Skin is fragile
bruising / striae at lower abdomen
Increase facial hair

21
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Opposite of cushing syndrome
Deficit of corticosteroid

S/s
Weight loss
Muscle weakness
Anorexia
Low BP
Sodium low
Potassium high
Confusion
Apathy

22
Q

Drugs in endocrine system

A

Corticosteroid
Suppress inflammation, allergic reactions

E.g.prednisolone
Decrease inflammation-x) leukocyte, lysosomal
From severe inflammation, immunosuppression, neoplasm

Dexamethasone
For cerebral edema

23
Q

Neurological
Two system?

A

central nervous system(CNS)
Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

24
Q

Level of consciousness
1.
2.
3.
What test to do?

A

Confusion
Disorientation
Loss of consciousness
—)motionless but may have response
Glascow coma scale

25
Q

Neurological dysfunction

A

Sensory deficit眼耳口鼻
Aphasia
Seizure—） excessive amount of neuron in brain

26
Q

Brain death

A

If yes then terminate medical intervention

Definition: stopped brain function( included brain stem+ cortex)
No brain stem reflex
Nil spontaneous respiration

27
Q

Traumatic brain injury

A

Trauma to brain leads to physical, intellectual, emotional, social changes
50% is car accident
21% is fall

28
Q

Two type of brain trauma

A

Blunt trauma( closed)
Head strikes hard surface
Dura remain intact

Open trauma
Injury breaks the dura
Expose cranial content to the environment
Cause focal injury( single location injury to pain)

29
Q

Spinal cord trauma
Definition

A

Vertebral injury
Fracture( simple, compressed, comminuted 粉碎)
Most common locstion： 1，2，4-7
Hyperflexion, hyperextension, compression

30
Q

Brain tumor

A

Taking up spaces and cause increased intracranial pressue
Benign/ malignant tumors
Inflammation

31
Q

Vascular血管 disorder — transcient ischemic attack

A

Temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain .
Recover within 24hrs
Cause: atherosclerosis/ small embolus

Remain conscious
Short period of impaired function
1. Muscle weakness of arm and legs
2. visual disturbances
3. Numbness
4. Transient aphasia
5. Confusion

32
Q

Cerebralvascular accident

A

Stroke is infarction of brain tissue=lack of blood
Total occlusion of cerebral blood vessel by atheroma/ embolus will cause ischemia缺血—）tissue necrosis

Rupture of cerebral vessel-x) hemorrhage and increase ICP

33
Q

3 types of stroke

A

Ischemic stroke缺血性中風
1. Occlusion of atery by athersclerosis
Most common
Cause gradual narrowing of arterial lumen（plaque or thrombus）

  1. Embolus
    Stuck in cerebral artery
    Emboli can be air, tumors, infection
  2. Intracerebral hemorrhage （hemorrhagic stroke）
    Cause by rupture of cerebral artery
    More severe, destructive CVA
    Affect large area of brain
    Greater increase of intracranial pressure with hemorrhage
34
Q

Diagnosis for CVA, s/s

A

Test: speech, level of consciousness, motor ability, eye movement

S/s of stroke
Depend on the location of obstruction, size of artery involved

Flaccid paralysis軟癱
Muscle weakness
Sensory loss of leg
Confusion
Loss of problem solving skills
Personality change

35
Q

Infection meningtis 腦膜炎

A

Microorganism reach the brain via blood
Meningococcus

36
Q

Seizure
Generalized seizure

A

Gemerslized seizure
Last 5-10 seconds
Brief loss of awareness
Transient facial movement-twitch of eyelids, lip-macking

Tonic-clonic seizure( 2min)
Tonic-arms bend
Clonic- extension of body

Partial seizure
Simple partial/ focal seizure arise from a single area of damage
Manifested by repeated motor activityy

37
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Progressive degeneration disorder
Motor function affected
Degenerative change in basal nuclei

38
Q

S/s of parkinson

A

Early signs:
Fatigue, muscle weakness, muscle aching
Change in facial expression

Obvious sign: tremor in hands, pill-rolling hands
震

Latw stage： motor impair, bradykinesia

39
Q

Dementia

A

Progressive chronic disease
Impair cognitive: language, logical thinking, judgement

MMSS, MoCA test

40
Q

Drug for neuro

A

Anti-parkinson drugs
Benztropine
Balance neurotransmitter
Reduce parkinsonian symptoms

Anti-convulson
Inhibit spread of seizure activity by altering ion transport
Also can for dysrhymias

Patho (12 decks)

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