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Patho > Lesson 12 Immune > Flashcards

Lesson 12 Immune Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity 1-3

A

Allergy
Autoimmunity
Alloimmunity

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2
Q

Allergy definition

A

Allergy is a harmful effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens

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3
Q

Autoimmunity definition

A

Intolerance to self-antigens and attacks

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4
Q

Alloimmunity

A

Immune reaction to tissues of other individuals (transplant 器官移植）

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5
Q

Allergy allergen
有咩allergen？

A

Environmental
Atypical（非正常）
Genetic predisposed （遺傳傾向）

Allergen is too big to be phagocytosed
Or coated with non-allergenic
Allergen eg pollen, egg, fish, cigarette, animal, drug like penicillin

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6
Q

Allergy type 1-4

A

Type 1: IgE mediated( immediate response)
Type 2: tissue specific reaction
Type 3: immune complex mediated 免疫 複合
Type 4: cell mediated( delayed)

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7
Q

Type 1 allergy

A

IgE bind to mast cell
Allergic symptoms in immediate hypersensitivity reactins

Histamine
Acting on H1 receptors: contracts bronchial smooth muscle
-) bronchial constriction -) increased permeability-) erythrocytes increase-) increase blood flow

Acting thru h2 receptors
Gastric acid secretion control

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8
Q

Hypersensitivity process

A

Antigen bind to antibody
To cardiovascular -) vasodilation -) low blood pressure, faint

To skin-) nerve end irritation -) itching skin

To lung-) constriction of bronchioles-) airway obstructed-) dyspnea

ALL: SEVERE OXYGEN DEFICIT TO BRAIN

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9
Q

Type 1 hypersensitive manifestation (IgE)

A

Itching
Hypotensiion
Bronchospasm
Dysrhythmias

Such as clinical asthma, anaphylaxis

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10
Q

Treatment for type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Genetic predisposition

Test: food challenge, skin test, lab test

Desensitisation

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11
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity (tissue specific mediate)
5 mechanisms+ clinical malfunction

A
  1. Cell is destroyed by antibodies and complement
  2. Cell destruction through phagocytosis
  3. Soluble antigen may enter the circulation and deposit on tissue.
  4. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  5. Cause target cell malfunction

Clinical example
Autoimmune haemolytic anemia
Attack RBC

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12
Q

Blood type against

A

Type A against B
Type B against A
Type AB no against
Type O both against

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13
Q

Type 3 immune complex mediate

A

Antigen-antibody complex
Large-) macrophage
Small-) renal clea rance
Intermediate中型 -) deposit in tissue

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14
Q

Type 3 example? (Antigen-antibody)

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis

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15
Q

Antibody vs antigen

A
  1. Antibody binds to antigen
    2.immune complex form in circulation
  2. Complex deposit in blood vessel
  3. Activated complement
  4. Inflammatory response
    6.release chemical mediator
  5. Tissue damage
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16
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity (not involved antibody)
Any example?
Two types, what?

A

Transplant reaction( graft injection. 排斥植入物）

A. Direct cell mediated
Kill the target cell by cytotoxity

B. Delayed-type hypersensitivity
Later kill

17
Q

4 type of inflammation summary

A

Type 1
Eg: hay fever, anaphylax
Mechanisms: IgE bond to mast cell, release histamines
Effect: immediate inflammatory response

Type 2:
Eg: ABO blood incompatibility
Mechanism: IgG/ IgM react
Effects: cell lysis, phagocytosis

Type3
Eg: glomerulonephritis
Mechanism: antigen-antibody complex
Effects: inflammation

Type4
Eg: Contact dermatitis
Mechanism: antigen binds to T cell, lymphocytes kill them
Effects: immediate/ delayed inflammation

18
Q

Autoimmunity
Definition

A

Immune system cannot distinguish self and non-self
1. Breakdown of tolerance
2. Hidden antigen
3. Infectious diseases-molecular mimicry(扮
4. Neoantigen

Systemic lupus erythematosus 紅斑狼瘡
Chronic multisystem inflammation
1. Presenting large area of circulating autoantibodies against DNA, platelets, erythrocytes
2. Immune complex deposited in connective tissue
Activate complement, causing inflammation

19
Q

Clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Arthritis,
Rash
Renal disease
Hematological change

Joints: polyarthritis
Skin: butterfly rash
Kidney: glomerulonephritis with immune-complex deposit in glomerular
Lungs: pleural inflammation, causing chest pain
Heart: carditis, any layer of heart’s inflammation
Blood vessels: periodic vasospasm
CNS: Psychoses
Bone marrow: anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia

20
Q

Alloimmunity
Definition

A

React with antigens on tissue of other genetically dissimilar members of same species
( transplant rejection)

21
Q

Graft rejection mechanism

A

Type 4 cell mediated!!!!
Human leukocyte antigens

  1. Hyperacute:
    Immediate and rare, have preexisting antibody to the antigen.
  2. Acute: cell-mediated immune response against unmatched HLA antigen
  3. Chrinic:
    Take months or years
    Inflammatory damage to endothelial cell of vessel due to a weak cell-mediated reaction against minor HLA antigens
22
Q

Transfusion reaction(血
S/s of transfusion reaction

A
  1. Agglutination 凝集
    Antigen-antibody reaction occurs when blood group not matched-) blood cells form a clump

s/s
Early sign: fever, hypotension, flushing, wheezing, anxiety, red urine
Late sign: generalized bleeding tendency全身出血, hypotension

23
Q

Immune deficiency

A

Immune system fsil to self-defense
Congestions（genetic abnormality)一-） Aquired immune deficiency.(cause by illness, cancer, viral infection, aging.
.

24
Q

Cause of immune deficiency+ clinical manifestations

A
  1. Disruption of T cell function
  2. Deficiency caused by emotional stress
  3. Prevent matural of stem cell into B or T

Clinical manifestations:
1. Development of unusual, severe infections.
2. T cell deficiency
3. B cell and phagocytes deficiency
4. Complement deficiency

25
Q

Secondary deficiency

A

Also referred to acquired deficiencies ( more common)
Cause: psychological stress
Dietary
Physical trauma
Medical treatment
AIDS

26
Q

HIV mechanism

A

Transmission: body fluid( semen, breast milk,
Infection takes 10years

HIV positive = developing AIDS
Aids is a chronic infectious disease caused by HIV
Destroy helper T cell
Cause loss of immune response+increase susceptibility to secondary infection+ cancer.

27
Q

Common effects of AIDS

A

Brain: meomry loss, confusiondementia infection
Mouth, esophagus: candidiasis, herpes simplex皰疹
blood： decreased helper T cell
Lung： pneumonia, tunerculosis
Gastrointestine： chronic diarrhea, anorexia
Skin: dermatitis,

28
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Enlarged lymph node that become tender

  1. Local lymphadenopathy
    Drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near enlarged node.
  2. General lymphadenopathy:
    Occurs in malignant or non- malignant disease.
29
Q

Malignant lymphomas

A

Malignant change lymphocyte( T/B cell) into lymphocytes

30
Q

Cite of lymphoma

A

Armpit
Neck
Retroperitoneal

31
Q

Drug for immune disorder

A

Immunosuppressant therapy
-to suppress unwanted immune response

  1. For organ transplantation
    Treatment of autoimmune disease

—-x)))) corticosteroids

Patho (12 decks)

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