Lesson 4.3: Properties of a Well-Written Text Flashcards
a summary that gives the essential features of a text. it shows how the parts of a text are related to one another as parts that are of equal importance, or sections that are subordinate to a main idea.
Outline
used to get the main ideas of a text that is already written
Reading Outline
skeletal overview of your draft, which contains the fundamental points and the different ideas that support them
Writing Outline
Outline works like a
map
it shows you where each of your ideas is placed in your writing; how all of them fit together; and how each idea leads to the central idea of your writing. it also determines the boundaries of your draft; how much of your subject you will need to cover without lacking or exceeding in details
Writing Outline
Parts of a formal outline
I. Main Idea
A. Supporting Idea 1
1. Supporting Idea 2
a. Supporting Idea 3
what do you label the first/level main topic with
Roman Numerals
what do you label subtopics under the second/main topic with?
Uppercase Letters
what do you label the supporting details under the subtopics (third level) with?
Arabic Numbers
what do you label the supporting details (fourth) level with?
Lowercase Letters
two kinds of generally accepted writing outlines
Scratch and Sentence Outlines
simple list of ideas that take the form of words and phrases. they are good for their brevity
scratch outlines
uses sentences to define the subject matter. they are good for their use of specific detail
sentence outlines
it is said hat ideas are well-developed when there is a clear statement of purpose, position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions, explanations, justifications, or opposing viewpoints
Organization
refers on how the ideas in the
text are organized or how the paragraph is arranged with its introduction, body, and
conclusion. It must also have the topic sentence or the main idea.
Organization
achieved when these ideas are logically and accurately arranged
Organization
organization is achieved when these
ideas are logically and accurately arranged
this means that sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them easily understood by the reader
Coherence
very helpful when jumping ideas so that they will stick to each
other. This can be achieved by applying techniques such as: using topic sentence
at the beginning of the paragraph; placing major ideas in another paragraph and
sequencing the ideas in logical order or by numbering.
Coherence
connection of ideas at sentence level
Cohesion
property of a well-written text ensures the ideas are united at the
paragraph level
Coherence
a property of a well-written text that helps the ideas to become
meaningful by sticking the ideas together at the sentence level.
Cohesion
How can cohesion be achieved?
by using transitional devices, pronouns, subordinators, coordinators, and lexical patterning
How can coherence be achieved?
using topic sentences, placing major ideas in separate paragraphs, sequencing ideas in logical order, numbering, and using paragraph patterns
patterns include defining, narrating, describing, and classifying
the property of unity in a written text or a segment of spoken discourse that stems from links among its surface elements, as when words in one sentence are repeated in another, and especially from the fact that some words or phrases depend for their interpretation upon material in preceding or following text
Cohesion
the details are arranged in the order in which they happened
Chronological order
It is a technique in arranging the text observing the
chronological order or time, process or sequence, and narration of events by using
signal words like first, second, third, initially, primarily, following, preceding,
next, when, later, before, after, then, until, not long after that, finally, lastly, at
last, etc.
sequential order
This is another technique in organizing the paragraph pertaining
to space, position, or location of people or things by using signal words like above,
below, under, behind, beside, beyond, alongside, nearby, in front of, inside,
outside, on top of, etc. that is very suitable when describing about the geographical location of things or people
Spatial Order
the sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, such as left-to-right, up-to-down, etc.
Spatial Order
when information found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain points depending on the writer’s purpose
Emphatic Order
Emphatic order can be arranged in two ways
- least to most important
- most to least important
This technique in organizing compositions refers to the
logical order from simple to complex, inductive to deductive, cause and effect,
and problem and solution to help the writers explain their ideas. This can also be
done by defining and illustrating.
Complexity Order
signal words like
for, because, since, as a consequence, due to, etc
Cause-Effect
Signal words like because, as a
solution, consequently, so that, therefore, etc
Problem-Solution
transitional devices such as is defined as, means, refers to, to
illustrate, as defined, etc.
Defining
It means the ordering of ideas following the alphabet (from A to Z).
Listing Order
words that give reader an idea of how the points in your paragraph are progressing
Signal Devices
words that connect one idea to another, in order for our ideas to flow smoothly
Transitions
first, immediately, afterward, before, at the same time, after, earlier, simultaneously, finally, next, in the meantime, later, eventually, then, meanwhile, now, subsequent, etc
Time
moreover, furthermore, next, also, finally, last, another, first, second, third, besides, additionall
Sequence
above, next to, below, behind, beside
Space
for instance, specifically, for example, namely, in this case, to illustrate
Illustration/Exemplification
similarly, also, in the same way, still, likewise, in comparison, too
Comparison
but, despite, however, even though, yet, on the other hand, although, on the contrary, otherwise, conversely
Contrast
because, as a result, consequently, then, so, since
Cause and Effect
thus, therefore, in conclusion, in short
Conclusion
words that give readers an idea of how the points in your paragraph are progressing
Signal Devices
repeating of main ideas keep continuity and highlight important ideas (this could be a word, phrase, or full sentence repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text
Repetitions
these are words similar in meaning to important words or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions
Synonyms
words that connect readers to the original word that the _____ replace
Pronouns
indeed, importantly, in fact, furthermore, and moreover
Giving Emphasis
: in contrast, conversely, compared to, another point
Stating Contrast
finally, overall, lastly, to sum up, and in conclusion
Summarizing
for instance, for example, namely, such as
Giving Examples
similarly, likewise, again, and also
Adding Similar Points
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordinators
FANBOYS stands for
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
when, since, although, so that, until,
before, unless, when, whenever, etc.
Subordinators
means changing the function of the word
into another part of speech (e.g. changing the word heroism to heroic so it can be used in another sentence)
Lexical Patterning
appropriateness of word/vocabulary usage
Language Use
what words/phrases to avoid for appropriate language use
too informal, too unsophisticated, too vague
insider terminology that may be difficult for readers from other fields to understand
Jarggon
expressions that are heavily overused
Cliches
examples of everyday abbreviations
photos, fridge, phone, info
e.g. cops, cool
slang
e.g. fireman, mankind
not gender neutral
refers to style or register, denotative and connotative language,
figures of speech, and idiomatic expression.
Language Use
In describing the ______, the language used is either spoken or
written, and formal or informal.
Style or Register
The language used is either
Spoken or written; formal or informal
Three dimensions of register and style
Field, tenor, mode
language used in a certain
profession
jargon
responsible if people talk or
write in formal or informal
way.
tenor
concerned about the
medium of communication
whether it is spoken or
written. It can be done
using phone call, e-mail,
or formal document.
mode
the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.
denotation
an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
connotation
words that have a literal meaning or meaning found in the dictionary
denotation or denotative meaning
words that have a deeper meaning
connotation
denotation/connotation
e.g. A rose is a beautiful and
fragrant flower with thorns
Denotation
denotation/connotation
e.g. A red rose means passion and
true love.
Connotation
used to get away
from ordinary use of language and to create a literary effect to the readers.
Figures of Speech
It is
comparing
things, ideas,
and persons
figuratively
with the use
of the words
like or as.
Simile
This is used to
compare
figuratively
without using
the words like
or as.
Metaphor
It is giving
human
characteristics
to inanimate
objects.
Personification
This is
exaggerating
the statements
to create a
literary effect.
Hyperbole
It is placing
two opposite
words
together.
Oxymoron
These
expressions do not give the literal meaning of the
words but they have figurative meaning. (e.g. break a leg, you are the apple of my eye)
Idiomatic Expression
set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize
Mechanics
what to avoid when writing (mechanics)
avoid contractions and exclamation points
involves spelling, punctuation marks, abbreviations, indentions, and capitalization
Mechanics
