Lesson 3: Patterns of Development Flashcards
Nine patterns of paragraph
Narration, description, definition, exemplification, classification, comparison and contrast, problem-solution, cause and effect, persuasion
tells a story. it relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a conclusion or ending. it tells the reader when, where, and what happened. it reveals what the reader should learn
Narration
Narration paragraph use ______ of the verb
past tense
Narration paragraphs are usually written in:
chronological order
Narrative paragraphs contains ______ and _______ that indicate time or sequence
action verbs and transition words
Narrative paragraph tells a part of a story in ______. It shows a sequence of events connected by transition words
first person
Rich descriptive words that put a picture of a person, place, or an object in the reader’s mind. When a person is writing a specific piece, there should be very detailed observations, write what you see in your minds. The more details, the better the story. You should start at one point and move in one direction as not to confuse the reader. The reader should be able to envision the picture that you had in your mind as a writer
Description
a paragraph explaining a term or subject, so your audience comprehends the topic of the paragraph
Definition
Two ways to write definition
Synonym and Class
is explaining that term by using the words that mean the same thing
Synonym
is when you put your topic in broad category to explain your term
Class
The stars were shiny and the planets were bright
Synonym
That truck with the noisy engine is very loud
Synonym
If you listen closely, you will hear the birds
Synonym
A pineapple is a tropical fruit that has an acidic and sweet taste
Class
one of the most common and effective ways to show or explain an idea/point (e.g. observation, opinion, belief). In this pattern of development, the main idea is explained by giving an extended example or series of detailed examples. Not only do they illustrate and explain the topic sentence, but they also make your writing more interesting and more convincing.
Exemplification
A type of argumentative essay that provides specific examples to prove a point
Exemplification Essay
refers to sorting or arranging subjects (e.g. persons, places, things, ideas) into groups or categories according to their common or shared characteristics. The subjects can be grouped in many different ways depending on your purpose. With a purpose in mind, you can determine how to group the subjects in your list. The group or category shoul have a single basis of ______.
Classification
is commonly done in various disciplines. (e.g. historical events by year popular TV shows by genre, diseases by mode of transmission, cleaning products based on manufacturer, animals based on habitat)
Classification
This paragraph lists two subjects and discusses how they are alike and different and lists a few examples.
Comparison and Contrast
Two ways to write comparison-constrast
Point to point paragraph and blocked paragraph (subject-by-subject)
Comparison-Contrast
writing back and forth to each subject
Point-to-point Paragraph
Comparison-Constrast
discusses the first topic then finishes paragraph with the next topic is to be compared and constrasted with the first
Blocked Paragraph (subject-by-subject)
it is why something happens
Cause
it is what happens
Effects
the writer can explain how an event or action leads to another.
Cause and Effect
two different ways to use the cause and effect pattern in writing
Cause to effect and effect to cause
The cause, which can be an event or action, can be stated right at the beginning of a paragraph, followed by sentences stating the effects. This type of organization is est for explaining a single cause with different effects
Cause to Effect
The effect can be stated at the beginning of the text, followed by sentences and paragraphs that expound on the causes. This type of organization is best for presenting a single effect with different causes
Effect to Cause
a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing one or more solutions. Analyzation of the problem associated with a particular issue/situation and put forward possible solutions, together with any expected results/consequences. it is used to deal with topics that pose problems and present solutions in a logical manner
Problem Solution
three variations of the problem-solution
problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, problem-process-solution
a straightforward approach. The problem is expressed in a smple statement and a possible solution is given.
Problem-Solution
the cause of the problem, is identified and analyzed before a possible solution is presented
Problem-Cause-Solution
the process or procedure is discussed extensively. In the discussion, the problem is addressed; the readers are led to the solution
Problem-Process-Solution
intends to convince readers to do or believe in something. Many writing genres such as critiques/reviews, reaction papers, editorials, proposals, advertisements, and brochures use this to state opinions and to influence others. this paragraph means to convince the reader that your opinion on an issue or subject is the right one
Persuasion
three common techniques that you can use in developing a persuasive paragraph
using evidence, giving examples, attacking an opposing view
facts, statistics statements of expert authorities and research findings can be used to create an impact and establish credibility. readers will be more likely be convinced to side with your position or agree with your opinion if it is backed up with verifiable ____
Using Evidence
enhances your idea or opinion and make it concrete. They can be based on observations or from your personal experience. They must be concrete, relevant, adn reasonable
Giving Examples
assert your opinion by attacking or criticizing someone or an opposing idea. Belittling someone’s idea, dismissing the credibility of someone or an idea, and making fun of someone’s ideas are some forms of attack that can be used to strengthen your opinion. However, this technique can insult or alienate the readers if excessively done
Attacking an Opposing View
