Lesson 4 Flashcards
Closed system of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
The heart pumps blood into the arteries and received blood from the veins
Cardiovascular system
The function is to deliver and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
Cardiovascular system
Thorax between the lungs
Heart
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
Heart
A serous double serous membrane
Pericardium
2 types of pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Forms the inner layer of the serous pericardium, also called epicardium
Visceral pericardium
Forms the outer layer of the serous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Three layers
The heart wall
Outside layer and covers the heart
Epicardium
Middle layer
Myocardium
Contracts to pump blood into the arteries
Myocardium
Lines the interior of the chambers and covers the heart valves
Endocardium
Blood supply to the myocardium:
Coronary arteries
Coronary sinus
The main arteries that supply blood to and remove waste products from the muscle of the heart
Coronary arteries
A dilated veins that collects blood from the myocardium and opens into the right atrium near the anterior vena cava
Coronary sinus
The chambers of the heart:
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
The valves
Receives blood from the vena cavae and the coronary sinus
Right atrium
Pumps blood into the right ventricle
Right atrium
Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood into pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenated
Right ventricle
Receives oxygenated blood coming back to the heart from the lungs in the pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Pumps blood into the left ventricle
Left atrium
Receives blood from the left atrium
Left ventricle
Pumps blood into the aorta to be carried to tissues in the systematic circuit
Left ventricle
One way valves that direct blood flow in only one direction
The valves
Located in between atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves:
Bicuspid (Left)
Tricuspid (Right)
Semilunar valves:
Pulmonary semilunar valves
Aortic semilunar valves
2 types of the Valves:
Atrioventricular valves
Semilunar valves
Valve with 2 cusps
Bicuspid (left)
a.k.a Mitral valve
Bicuspid (left)
Prevents blood from flowing back up into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts (systole)
Bicuspid (left)
Valve with 3 cusps
Tricuspid (right)
Prevents blood from flowing back up into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts (systole)
Tricuspid (right)
Valve with 3 half-moon shaped cusps
Pulmonary semilunar valve
At the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle when the right ventricle relaxes (diastole)
Pulmonary semilunar valve
At the entrance to the aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle relaxes (diastole)
Aortic semilunar valve
Associated great vessels:
Aorta
Pulmonary arteries
Vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Leaves left ventricle
Aorta
Leave right ventricle
Pulmonary arteries
Enters right atrium
Vena cava
Enter left atrium
Pulmonary veins
Heart muscle cell contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular continuous way
Intrinsic conduction system
Special tissue sets the pace:
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node
Heart contractions
Events of one complete heart beat
Cardiac cycle
Types of cardiac cycle:
Mid-to-late diastole
Ventricular systole
Early diastole
Blood flows into ventricles
Mid-to-late diastole
Blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
Ventricular systole
Atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
Early diastole
Systole=
Contraction
Diastole=
Relaxation
Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
Stroke volume
Stroke volume usually remains relatively constant
Regulation of heart rate
The more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
Starling’s law of the heart
Increased the heart rate:
Sympathetic nervous system
Hormones
Exercise
Decreased blood volume
Decreased the heart rate:
Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or blood volume
Decreased venous return
Encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, often leading to serious health consequences it felt untreated. These include coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and stroke
Cardiovascular diseases
Coronary artery disease:
Narrowed arteries
Reduced blood flow
Increased heart attack risk
Coronary artery disease occurs when the major blood vessels that supply the heart become damaged or diseased, often due to the buildup of fatty deposits called ploque
Narrowed arteries
As the ploque accumulates, it narrows and hardens the coronary arteries, restriating the flow of oxygen -rich blood to the heart muscle
Reduced blood flow
This reduced blood flow can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, a heart attack. If ploque ruptures and blocks an artery
Increased heart attack risk
Hypertension:
Elevated blood pressure
Increased risks
Silent condition
Lifestyle factors
Arrhythmias are disorder characterized by an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too fast, too slow or irregularly. These can be caused an malfunctions in the hearts electrical system
Abnormal heart rhythms
Types of arrhythmias:
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Atrial fibrillation
Contraction ventricular
Rapid
Tachycardia
Heart beat (over 100bpm)
Tachycardia
Slow(under 60)
Bradycardia
Irregular, quivering atrial
Atrial fibrillation
Chaotic, uncoordinated contractions
Contraction ventricular
O2 is loaded from the alveolar air into the blood, while CO2 is unloaded from the blood into the alveolar air
Pulmonary capillary
Common pulse sites used to check circulation are:
Temporal
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis
Side of forehead
Temporal
Neck
Carotid
Inside the elbow
Brachial
Thumb site of wrist
Radial
Groin
Femoral
Behind the knee
Popliteal
Upper surface of foot
Dorsalis pedis
