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Anaphy > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Any nutritious substance that people or animals, car or drink or plants absorb, in order to maintain life and growth.

A

Food

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2
Q

Is a complex set of organs, glands and ducts that work together to transform food into nutrients for cells

A

Digestive System

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3
Q

Functions of Digestive System:

is the consumption of solid or liquid food, usually through the mouth

A

Ingestion

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4
Q

Functions of Digestive System:

  • is chewing
A

Mastication

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5
Q

Functions of Digestive System:

  • is the movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
A

Propulsion

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6
Q

Functions of Digestive System:

  • is the movement of food back and forth
A

Mixing

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7
Q

Functions of Digestive System:

  • is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
A

Digestion

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8
Q

Occurs through mechanical and chemical means

A

Digestion

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9
Q

Functions of Digestive System:

  • is the addition of liquids, enzymes and mucus to the ingested food
A

Secretion

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10
Q

Functions of Digestive System:

is the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood of the lymphatic system

A

Absorption

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11
Q

Functions of Digestive System:

is the removal of undigested material

A

Elimination

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12
Q

Digestive tract and gastrointestinal tract
Consists of:

A

The oral cavity
The pharynx
The esophagus
The stomach
The small and large intestine
The anus

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific associated organs of the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands
The liver
The pancreas

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14
Q

Empty into the oral cavity

A

Salivary glands

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15
Q

Empty into the small intestine

A

The pancreas

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16
Q

Four Major Tunics of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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17
Q

The innermost tunic

A

Mucosa

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18
Q

Lies just outside the mucosa

A

Submucosa

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19
Q

Lies outside the submucosa

A

Muscularis

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20
Q

is the outermost layer of the digestive tract

A

Serosa

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21
Q

Is a continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs

A

Peritoneum

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22
Q

Is a serous membrane that covers the organs

A

Visceral Peritoneum

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23
Q

Is a serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal Peritoneum

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24
Q

Is a general term referring to the serous membranes attached to the abdominal organs

A

Messentery

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25
Q

the messentery associated with the small intestine

A

Messentery Proper

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26
Q

The messentery connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm

A

Lesser Omentum

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27
Q

The messentery connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall

A

Greater Omentum

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28
Q

are the muscular structures, formed mostly by the orbicularis Oris muscle

A

Lips

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29
Q

Outer surfaces are covered by skin

A

Lips

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30
Q

It forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity

A

Cheeks

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31
Q

Is a large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity

A

Tongue

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32
Q

The anterior attachment of the tongue to the floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissue

A

Frenelum

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33
Q

The hardest white outer part of the tooth

A

Enamel

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34
Q

Mostly made up of calcium phosphate

A

Enamel

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35
Q

A layer underlying the enamel

A

Dentin

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36
Q

The softer living inner structure of teeth

A

Pulp

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37
Q

A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone

A

Cementum

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38
Q

Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw

A

Periodontal ligament

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39
Q

Each tooth consists of three regions:

A

Crown, Neck, Root

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40
Q

Visible portion of the tooth

A

Crown

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41
Q

Small region between the crown and the root

A

Neck

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42
Q

Anchors in it the bone of the maxillae and mandible

A

Root

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43
Q

“Roof” of the oral cavity

A

Palate

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44
Q

the anterior part and contains the bone

A

Hard palate

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45
Q

the posterior part and consists of skeletal muscle and connective tissue

A

Soft palate

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46
Q

A posterior extension of the soft palate

A

Uvula

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47
Q

are located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the posterior surface of the tongue

A

Tonsils

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48
Q

A normal adult mouth has?

A

32 teeth

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49
Q

The middle most four teeth on the upper and lower jaws

A

Incisors

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50
Q

The pointed teeth just outside the incisors

A

Canines

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51
Q

Teeth between the canines and molars

A

Premolars

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52
Q

Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food

A

Molars

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53
Q

Erupt at around age 28 but often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth

A

Wisdom teeth

54
Q

A mixture of serous membrane fluids

A

Saliva

55
Q

What are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

56
Q

The largest of the salivary glands

A

Parotid glands

57
Q

Produce more serous the mucous secretions

A

Submandibular glands

58
Q

Smallest of the salivary glands

A

Sublingual glands

59
Q

Or deglutition

A

Swallowing

60
Q

Swallowing is divided into three phases:

A

The voluntary phase, The pharyngeal phase, The esophageal phase

61
Q

Commonly known as “ Buccal Phase”

A

The voluntary phase

62
Q

construction of the tongue to push up the bolus up

A

The voluntary phase

63
Q

A rapid phase of muscle contraction to propel the bolus

A

The pharyngeal phase

64
Q

An autonomous process not under voluntary control

A

The esophageal phase

65
Q

The stomach is divided into 4 regions:

A

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

66
Q

The first part of the stomach

A

Cardia

67
Q

Is a dome- shaped part of the stomach

A

Fundus

68
Q

The main part of the stomach

A

Body

69
Q

The largest part of the stomach

A

Body

70
Q

Connects the stomach to the doudenum

A

Pylorus

71
Q

It is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine

A

Pylorus

72
Q

Is a very powerful sphincter

A

Pyloric sphincter

73
Q

As food enters the stomach, the food mixed with stomach secretions to become a semifluid mixture

A

Chyme

74
Q

4 substances of stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid, Pepsin, Mucus, Intrinsic factor

75
Q

Kills microorganisms

A

Hydrochloric acid

76
Q

Digest proteins found in indigested food

A

Pepsin

77
Q

Forms a thick layer, which lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall and protects them from the damaging effect of the acidic chyme and pepsin

A

Mucus

78
Q

Binds with vitamin B12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the small intestine

A

Intrinsic factor

79
Q

Major function of small intestine

A

Absorption of nutrients

80
Q

How long does the small intestine?

A

6m long

81
Q

Small intestine consists of 3 parts:

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

82
Q

The first part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

83
Q

Primary functions: to absorb sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

A

Jejunum

84
Q

Middle portion of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

85
Q

Absorbs any remaining nutrients that did not get absorbed by the duodenum or jejunum

A

Ileum

86
Q

The site where the ileum connects to the large intestine

A

Ileocecal junction

87
Q

Secretions from the mucosa of the s. Intestine contain:

A

Mucus, ions and water

88
Q

Two major enzymes groups of epithelial cells in the wall of S. Intestine

A

Peptidase, Disaccharidases

89
Q

Digest proteins

A

Peptidases

90
Q

Digest small sugars, specifically dissacharides

A

Disaccharidases

91
Q

Largest internal organ of the body; located in the RUQ of the abdomen

A

Liver

92
Q

Liver consists of 4 lobes:

A

Right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe

93
Q

A connective tissue septum that separates the left and right lobe

A

Falciform Ligament

94
Q

2 sources that supplies blood to the liver:

A

Hepatic Artery, Hepatic portal vein

95
Q

Delivers oxygenated blood to the liver

A

Hepatic artery

96
Q

Carries nutrient- rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

97
Q

Liver 6 primary functions:

A

Bile production, Vitamin and mineral storage, detoxification of blood, helps metabolize proteins, absorption of bilirubin, albumin production

98
Q

What are the 3 types in Bile production

A

Bile, bilirubin, bile salts

99
Q

A complex solution that contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lipids, lipid- soluble hormones, lecithin

A

Bile

100
Q

A bile pigment which results from the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

Billirubin

101
Q

Emulsify lipids

A

Bile salts

102
Q

Is an extended, accessory digestive gland that is found retroperitoneally, crossing the bodies of the L1 and L2 vertebrae on the posterior abdominal wall

A

Pancreas

103
Q

Lies transversely in the upper abdomen between the duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left

A

Pancreas

104
Q

The stomach meets the first part of the small intestine

A

Head

105
Q

Tapering part in the middle

A

Body

106
Q

At the end of the pancreas

A

Tail

107
Q

Are small islands of cells that produce hormones that regulate blood glucose levels (insulin and glucagon)

A

Pancreatic Islets or Islets of Langerhans

108
Q

Functions in the pancreas

A

Exocrine pancreas and endocrine pancreas

109
Q

Produces enzymes that help to digest food particularly protein

A

Exocrine pancreas

110
Q

The major proteins digesting enzymes are:

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

111
Q

Digest starch for energy acquisition

A

Pancrealic amylase

112
Q

Lipid- digesting enzyme

A

Lipase

113
Q

Degrade DNA and RNA to their component nucleotides

A

Nucleases

114
Q

Makes the hormone insulin, which helps control blood sugar levels

A

Endocrine Pancreas

115
Q

The portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus

A

Large intestine

116
Q

4 parts of the Large Intestine

A

Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal

117
Q

Proximal end of the large intestine

A

Cecum

118
Q

Attached to the cecum is a tube about 9cm long called?

A

Appendix

119
Q

The Largest part of the large intestine

A

Colon

120
Q

Is a straight muscular tube that begins of the termination of the sigmoid colonand ends at the canal

A

Rectum

121
Q

Serves as a channel connecting the rectum to the end of the gastrointestinal system, the anus

A

Anal Canal

122
Q

4 parts of the colon

A

The ascending colon, the transverse colon, descending colon, the sigmoid colon

123
Q

Is the breakdown of food to molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood

A

Digestion

124
Q

Two types include in digestion:

A

Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion

125
Q

Breaks large food particles into smaller ones

A

Mechanical digestion

126
Q

Uses enzymes to break covalent chemical bonds in organic molecules

A

Chemical digestion

127
Q

Begins in the stomach

A

Absorption

128
Q

The simple molecules that result from chemical digestion pass through the cell membrane of the lining in the small intestine into the blood of lymph capillaries

A

Absorption

129
Q

Requires carrier molecules and includes facilitated diffusion, co-transport and active transport

A

Transport

130
Q

Forms the inner layer of the serous pericardium, also called epicardium

A

Visceral pericardium

131
Q

Forms the outer layer of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

Anaphy (7 decks)

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