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Anaphy > Lesson 2 Final > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Special senses include:

A

*Smell
* Taste
* Sight
*Hearing
* Equilibrium

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2
Q

How many percent of all sensory receptors are in the eyes

A

70 percent

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3
Q

Anatomy of the eye

Accessory structures include the:

A

*Extrinsic eye muscles
* Eyelids
* Conjunctiva
* Lacrimal apparatus

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4
Q

Meet at the medial and lateral commissure (canthus)

A

Eyelids

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5
Q

Tarsal glands produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye

A

Eyelashes

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6
Q

Membrane that lines the eyelids and eyeball

A

Conjunctiva

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7
Q

Connects with the transparent cornea

A

Conjunctiva

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8
Q

Lacrimal gland+ ducts

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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9
Q

Produce lacrimal fluid (tears); situated in lateral end of each eye

A

Lacrimal gland

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10
Q

Tears drain across the eye into the lacrimal canaliculi, then the lacrimal sac, and into the nasolacrimal duct, which empties into the nasal cavity

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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11
Q

Tears contain:

A

*Dilute salt
* Mucus
* Antibodies
* Lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)

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12
Q

Function of tears:

A
  • Cleanse
  • Protect
  • Moisten
  • Lubricate the eye
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13
Q

Six muscle attach to the outer surface of the eye

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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14
Q

Produce gross eye movements

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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15
Q

Three layers, or tunics, form the wall of the eyeball

A
  • fibrous layer
  • Vascular layer
  • Sensory layer
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16
Q

Outside layer

A

Fibrous layer

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17
Q

Middle layer

A

Vascular layer

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18
Q

Inside layer

A

Sensory layer

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19
Q

Two types of fibrous layer

A

*Sclera
* Cornea

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20
Q

Two types of fibrous layer

A

*Sclera
* Cornea

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21
Q

White connective tissue

A

Sclera

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22
Q

Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”

A

Sclera

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23
Q

Transparent, central anterior portion

A

Cornea

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24
Q

Allows for light to pass through

A

Cornea

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25
Q

Choroid is a blood- rich nutritive layer that contains a pigment (prevents light from scattering)

A

Vascular layer

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26
Q

Regulates the amount of light entering eye

A

Iris

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27
Q

Rounded opening in the iris

A

Pupil

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28
Q

Signals leave the retina toward the brain through the optic nerve

A

Sensory layer

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29
Q

Retina contains two layers:

A
  • Outer pigmented layer
  • Inner neural layer
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30
Q

Where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

A

Optic disc (blind spot)

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31
Q

Most are found toward the edges of the retina

A

Rods

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32
Q

Allow vision in dim light and peripheral vision

A

Rods

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33
Q

Allow for detailed color vision

A

Cones

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34
Q

Densest in the center of the retina

A

Cones

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35
Q

Lateral to blind spot

A

Fovea centralis

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36
Q

Sensory layer

Types of inner neural layer:

A

*Rods
* Cones

37
Q

Three types of cones

A

Cone sensitivity

38
Q

Flexible, biconvex crystal-like structure

A

Lens

39
Q

Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

A

Lens

40
Q

Lens divides the eye into two chambers:

A
  • anterior (aqueous) segment
  • Posterior (vitreous) segment
41
Q

Anterior to the lens

A

Anterior (aqueous) segment

42
Q

Contains aqueous humor, a clear, watery fluid

A

Anterior (aqueous) segment

43
Q

Posterior to the lens

A

Posterior (vitreous) segment

44
Q

Contains vitreous humor, a gel-like substance

A

Posterior (vitreous) segment

45
Q

Watery fluid found between lens and cornea

A

Aqueous humor

46
Q

Gel-like substance posterior to the lens

A

Vitreous humor

47
Q

Prevents the eye from collapsing

A

Vitreous humor

48
Q

Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball and fundus (posterior wall)

A

Ophthalmoscope

49
Q

Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina

A

Ophthalmoscope

50
Q

Pathway of light through the eye and light refraction

A

Physiology of vision

51
Q

is bent, or refracted, by the cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor

A

Light

52
Q

The eye is set for distant vision over?

A

Over 20 feet away

53
Q

The lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away)

A

Accommodation

54
Q

Bundle of axons that exit the back of the eye carrying impulses from the retina

A

Optic nerve

55
Q

Location where the optic nerves cross

A

Optic chiasma

56
Q

Contains fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye

A

Optic tracts

57
Q

Axons from the thalamus run to the occipital lobe

A

Optic radiation

58
Q

Summary of the pathway of impulses from the retina to the point of visual interpretation

A
  1. Optic nerve
  2. Optic chiasma
  3. Optic tract
  4. Thalamus
  5. Optic radiation
  6. Optic cortex in occipital lobe of brain
59
Q

Each eye “sees” a slightly different view

A

Visual fields

60
Q

Binocular vision results and provides:

A

Depth perception (three-dimensional vision)

61
Q

Eye focuses images correctly on the retina

A

Emmetropia

62
Q

Distant object appear blurry

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)

63
Q

Near objects are blurry, whereas distant objects are clear

A

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

64
Q

Images are blurry

A

Astigmatism

65
Q

Types of closer look:

A

*Emmetropia
* Myopia (nearsightedness)
* Hyperopia (farsightedness)
* Astigmatism

66
Q

Types of eye reflexes:

A
  • Convergence
  • Photo pupillary reflex
  • Accommodation pupillary reflex
67
Q

Reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we focus on a close object

A

Convergence

68
Q

Bright light causes pupils to constrict

A

Photo pupillary reflex

69
Q

Viewing close objects closes pupils to constrict

A

Accommodation pupillary reflex

70
Q

Ear houses two senses:

A
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium (balance)
71
Q

The ear is divided into three areas:

A
  • External (outer) ear
  • Middle ear
  • Internal (inner) ear
72
Q

Auricle (pinna)

A

External (outer)ear

73
Q

Air-filled, mucosa lined cavity within the temporal bone

A

Middle ear cavity (tympanic cavity)

74
Q

Links middle ear cavity with the throat

A

Pharyngo tympanic tube (auditory tube)

75
Q

Three bones (ossicles) span the cavity:

A
  1. Malleus (hammer)
  2. Incus (anvil)
  3. Stapes (stirrup)
76
Q

Includes sense organs for hearing and balance

A

Internal (inner) ear

77
Q

Bony labyrinth (osseous labyrinth) consists of:

A
  • Cochlea
  • Vestibule
  • Semicircular canals
78
Q

Equilibrium receptors of the inner ear are called?

A

Vestibular apparatus

79
Q

Vestibular apparatus has two functional parts:

A
  • static equilibrium
  • Dynamic equilibrium
80
Q

Static equilibrium

  • receptors in the vestibule
A

Maculae

81
Q

Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membrane

A

Anatomy of the maculae

82
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

  • responds to angular or rotational movements of the head
A

Crista amullaris

83
Q

Hearing

  • located within the cochlear duct
A

Spiral organ of corti

84
Q

Pathway of vibrations from sound waves

A

Hearing

85
Q

Location of taste buds:

A
  • most are on the tongue
  • Soft palate
  • Superior part of the pharynx
  • Cheeks
86
Q

Covered with projections called papillae that contains taste buds

A

Tongue

87
Q

Papillae that contains taste buds:

A
  • vallate (circumvallate) papillae
  • Fungiform papillae
  • Filiform papillae
88
Q

Five basic taste sensations:

A
  • sweet receptors
  • Sour receptors
  • Bitter receptors
  • Umami receptors

Anaphy (9 decks)

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