Lesson 2 Semi Final Flashcards
Elimination of waste products;
Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs
Excess ions
Regulate aspects of homeostasis;
Water balance
Electrolytes
Acid-base balance in the blood
Blood pressure (renin)
Red blood cell production (erythropoietin)
Activation of vitamin D
Organs of the urinary system;
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Against the dorsal body wall
Location of the kidneys
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left
Location of kidneys
Atop each kidney is an?
Adrenal gland
Surrounds each kidney
Renal capsule
The three protective layers enclose the kidney;
Fibrous capsule
Perirenal fat capsule
Renal fascia
Encloses each kidney
Fibrous capsule
Surround the kidney and cushions against blows
Perirenal fat capsule
The most superficial layer that anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures
Renal fascia
Provides protection to the kidney
Adipose capsule
Helps keep the kidney in its correct location
Adipose capsule
Triangular regions of tissue in the medulla
Medullary pyramids
Extensions of cortex ike material inward
Renal column
Cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis
Calyces
Coverings of the kidneys;
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Medullary pyramids
Renal column
Calyces
The structural and functional unit of the kidneys
Nephrons
Responsible for forming urine
Nephrons
Main structures of the nephrons;
Glomerulus
Renal tubule
A specialized capillary bed
Glomerulus
Glomerulus
Attached to arterioles on both sides (maintains high pressure);
Large afferent arteriole
Narrow efferent arteriole
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Renal tubule
Loop of Henle
Renal tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Renal tubule
Types of nephrons;
Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Located entirely in the cortex
Cortical nephrons
Includes most nephrons
Cortical nephrons
Found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
There are no segmental veins
Venous blood flow
Arise from an efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
Peritubular capillaries
Attached to a venule
Peritubular capillaries
Cling close to the renal tubule
Peritubular capillaries
Urine formation processes;
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Non selective passive process
Filtration
The peritubular capillaries reabsorb several materials
Reabsorption
reabsorb several materials;
Some water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
Materials not reabsorb
• Nitrogenous waste products;
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Some materials move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules;
Hydrogen and potassium ions
Creatinine
In 24 hours, about how many liters of urine produced?
About 1.0 to 1.8 liters
Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder
Ureters
Smooth collapsible muscular sac
Urinary bladder
Temporarily stores urine
Urinary bladder
Three openings
Trigone
Thin walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
Urethra
Release of urine is controlled by two sphincter;
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
Urethra gender differences
• Length
Females-
3-4 cm (1 inch)
Urethra gender differences
• Length
Male-
20 cm (8 inches)
Urethra gender differences
• Location
- along wall of the vagina
Female
Urethra gender differences
• Location
- through the prostate and penis
Males
Only carries urine
Females
Carries urine and is a passageway of sperm cells
Males
Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding
Micturition (Voiding)
Normal amount of water in human body
*Young adults females:
50%
Normal amount of water in human body
*Young adults males:
60%
Normal amount of water in human body
* Babies:
75%
Normal amount of water in human body
*Old age:
45%
pH above 7.45
Alkalosis
pH below 7.35
Acidosis
Other acid- base controlling system;
Blood buffers
Respiration
Molecules react to prevent dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations
Blood buffers
Three major chemical buffer systems;
Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system
