Lesson 3 (Semi Final) Flashcards
Primary sex organs
Gonads
Male gametes
Sperm
Female gametes
Ova (eggs)
Anatomy of the Male reproductive system;
• Testes
• Duct System
• Accessory Organs
• External Genitalia
Duct System;
• Epididymis
• Ductus (vas) Deferens
• Urethra
Accessory Organs;
• Seminal Glands
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral Glands
Accessory Organs;
• Seminal Glands
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral Glands
External Genitalia;
• Penis
• Scrotum
Connected to the trunk via the spermatic cord
Testes
Testes:
which houses;
• Blood Vessels
• Nerves
• Ductus Deferens
Coverings of the Testes;
• Tunica albuginea
• Septa
Capsule that surrounds each testis
Tunica albuginea
Extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules
Septa
Transports sperm from the body
Duct System
Highly convoluted tube 6 m (20 ft) long
Epididymis
First part of the male duct system
Epididymis
Found along the posterior lateral side of the testis
Epididymis
Runs from the epididymis via the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal and arches over the urinary bladder
Ductus (vas) Deferens
End of the ductus deferens, which empties into the ejaculatory duct
Ampulla
Passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Moves sperm by peristalsis into the urethra
Ductus deferens
Smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward
Ejaculation
Cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes prevents transportation of sperm (form of birth control)
Vasectomy
Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
Urethra
Carries both urine and sperm
Urethra
Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Urethra regions;
- Prostatic
- Membranous urethra
- Spongy (penile) urethra
Surrounded by prostate gland
Prostatic urethra
Prostatic urethra to penis
Membranous urethra
Runs the length of the penis to the external urethral orifice
Spongy (penile) urethra
Accessory glands and Semen;
• Seminal Vesicles
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral Glands
Located at the base of the bladder
Seminal Vesicles
Produce a thick, yellowish secretion (60%) that contains;
• Fructose
• Vitamin C
• Prostaglandins
• Other substances that nourish and activate sperm
Encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra
Prostate
Secretes milky fluid
Prostate
Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
Bulbourethral Glands
Produce a thick, clear mucus
Bulbourethral Glands
Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory glands secretion
Semen
External Genitalia;
Scrotum
Penis
Viable sperm cannot be produced at normal body temperature
Scrotum
Maintains how many Celsius lower than normal body temperature?
3°C
Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
Penis
Regions of the penis;
• Shaft
• Glans Penis (enlarged tip)
• Prepuce (foreskin)
Chief roles of the male in the reproductive process;
- Produce Sperm
- Produce a hormone, testosterone
Begins at puberty and continues throughout life
Sperm production
Each division of spermatogonium stem cell produces;
- Type A daughter cells
- Type B daughter cells
A stem cell, continues the stem cell population
Type A daughter cell
Which becomes a primary spermatocyte, destined to undergo meiosis and form four sperm
Type B daughter cell
Special type of nuclear division that differs from mitosis
Meiosis
Occurs in the Gonads
Meiosis
Includes two successive divisions of the nucleus
Meiosis I and II
Results in four daughter cells
Gametes
Gametes are spermatids with how many chromosomes?
23
Union of the sperm with an egg
23 chromosomes, n
Creates a zygote
2n or 43 chromosomes
Spermatids are nonmotile and not functional as sperm
Spermiogenesis
A streamlining process is needed to strip excess cytoplasm from a spermatid and modify it into a sperm
Spermiogenesis
A sperm has three regions;
Head
Midpiece
Tail
Acrosome sits anterior to the sperm head
Nucleus
The entire process of spermatogenesis, including spermiogenesis, takes how many days?
64 to 72 days
Testerone Production:
• During Puberty;
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Begins prodding seminiferous tubules to produce sperm
Follicle stimulating hormone
Begins activating the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
Most important hormonal product of the testes
Testosterone
Underlies sex drive
Testosterone
Causes secondary sex characteristics;
- Deepening of voice
- Increased hair growth
- Enlargement of skeletal muscles
- Increased bone growth and density
Anatomy of the female reproductive system;
- Ovaries
- Duct System
- External Genitalia
Produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
Ovaries
Each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of;
Oocyte
Follicle cells
Immature egg
Oocyte
Layers of different cells that surround the oocyte
Follicle cells
Contain an immature oocyte
Primary follicle
Growing follicle with a maturing oocyte
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
The follicle ruptures when the egg is mature and ready to be ejected from the ovary, occurs about 28 days
Ovulation
Transformed into a corpus luteum
Ruptured follicle
Anatomy of the female reproductive system:
• Duct System;
- Uterine (fallopian) Tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
From the initial part of the duct system
Uterine (fallopian) Tubes
Receive the ovulated oocyte from the ovaries
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
Uterine (fallopian) tube structure:
*Infundibulum
* Fimbriae
Distal, funnel shaped end
Infundibulum
Finger like projections of the infundibulum
Fimbriae
Situated between the urinary bladder and rectum
Uterus
Size and shape of a pear, in a woman who has never been pregnant
Uterus
Receives, retains nourishes a fertilized egg
Uterus
Regions of the uterus;
- Body
- Fundus
- Cervix
Main Portion
Body
Superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters
Fundus
Narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina
Cervix
Layers of the uterus;
- Endometrium
- Myometrium
- Perimetrium
Inner layer (mucosa
Endometrium
The middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor
Myometrium
The outermost serous layer of the uterus
Perimetrium
Passageway that extends from cervix to exterior of the body and is located between urinary and rectum
Vagina
Serve as a canal that allows baby or menstrual flow to leave the body
Vagina
Partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
Hymen
The female external Genitalia, or vulva includes;
- mons pubis
- Labia
- Clitoris
- Urethral orifice
- Vaginal orifice
- Greater vestibular glands
Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
Mons pubis
Covered with hair after puberty
Mons pubis
Skin folds
Labia
Hair covered skin folds
Labia majora
Enclose the labia minora
Labia majora
Delicate, hair free folds of skin
Labia minora
Enclosed by labia majora
Vestibule
Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina
Vestibule
One is found on each side of the vagina
Greater vestibular glands
Contains erectile tissue
Clitoris
Corresponds to male penis
Clitoris
Diamond shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally
Perineum
The process of producing ova (eggs)
Oogenesis
Female stem cells found in a developing fetus
Oogonia
Inactive until puberty
Primary oocyte
Produces four functional sperm
Males
Produces one functional ovum and three tiny polar bodies
Females
Tiny, motile and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid
Sperm
Large, is non-motile and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation
Egg
HORMONE PRODUCTION BY THE OVARIES
Produce by follicle cells
Estrogens
HORMONE PRODUCTION BY THE OVARIES
Produced by the corpus luteum
Progesterone
Stages of the menstrual cycle;
- Menstrual phase
- Proliferative stage
- Secretory stage
Present in both sexes, but function only in females
Mammary Glands
Parts of the mammary glands;
- Areola
- Nipple
- Lobes
- Lobules
- Alveolar glands
- Lactiferous ducts
- Lactiferous sinus
Central pigmented area
Areola
Protruding central area of areola
Nipple
Internal structures that radiate around nipple
Lobes
Located within each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands
Lobules
Produce milk when a woman is lactating (producing milk)
Alveolar glands
Connect alveolar glands to nipple
Lactiferous ducts
Dilated portion where milk accumulates
Lactiferous sinus
X-ray examination that detects breast cancers too small to feel
Mammography
Often signaled by a change in skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the nipple
Breast cancer
Time from fertilization until infant is born
Pregnancy
Developing offspring
Conceptus
Period of time from fertilization until week 8
Embryo
Week 9 until birth
Fetus
From the date of the last period until birth (approximately 280 days)
Gestation period
First cell of a new individual
Zygote
The result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and egg
Zygote
Rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the zygote
Cleavage
Hollow, ball-like structure of 100 cells or more
Blastocyst (Chorionic vesicle)
Functional areas of the blastocyst;
- Trophoblast
- Inner cell mass
Large fluid-filled sphere
Trophoblast
Cluster of cells to one side
Inner cell mass
