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Anaphy > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The nurse is temporarily the consciousness of the unconscious, the love of life of the suicidal, the leg of the amputee, the eyes of the newly blind, a means of locomotion for the newborn, knowledge and confidence for the young mother, a voice for those too weak to speak, and so on

A

Virginia Henderson, RN

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2
Q

It is an intricate arrangement of spaces and passageways that conduct the air into the lungs

A

Respiratory System

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3
Q

The respiratory system is divided into 2 sections:

A

Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract

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4
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract:

A

Nostril
Nasal Cavities
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx

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5
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract:

A

Trachea
Bronchia
Bronchioles
Lungs

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6
Q

What are the Phases of Respiration?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation
External Exchange of Gases
Internal Exchange of Gases

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7
Q

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

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8
Q

This is normally accomplished by inhalation and exhalation of breathing

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

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9
Q

Occurs in the lungs when oxygen (O2) diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuses out of the blood to be eliminated

A

External Exchange of Gases

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10
Q

Occurs in the tissues as O2 diffuses from the blood to the cells, CO2 passes from the cells into the blood

A

Internal Exchange of Gases

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11
Q

External portion produces from the face and supported by the nasal bones and cartilage

A

Nose ( External and Internal portions )

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12
Q

The external openings of the nasal cavity

A

Nostril or Nares

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13
Q

Internal Portion

A

Nasal Cavity

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14
Q

Each Nasal Cavity is divided into 3 passageways by the projection of the turbinates:

A

Turbinate Bones
Mucus
Paranasal Sinuses

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15
Q

It is also called conchae “ shell-like appearance”

A

Turbinate Bones

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16
Q

What are the three parts of turbinate Bones?

A

Inferior Turbinate
Middle turbinate
Superior turbinate

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17
Q

Secreted continuously by goblet cells, covers the surface of the nasal mucosa and is moved back to the nasopharynx by the action of the cilia (fine hairs)

A

Mucus

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18
Q

Are four pairs of bony cavities that are lined with nasal mucosa and ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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19
Q

Serve as a resonating chamber in speech (phonation)

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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20
Q

Sinuses are named by their location:

A

Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
Maxillary

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21
Q

is a funnel shaped tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx

A

Pharynx

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22
Q

It is a common opening between the digestive and respiratory system

A

Pharynx

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23
Q

3 regions of the pharynx:

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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24
Q

Located posterior to the nose and above the soft palate

A

Nasopharynx

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25
Q

Houses the faucial or palatine, tonsils

A

Oropharynx

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26
Q

Extends the hyoid bone to the cricoids cartilage

A

Laryngopharynx

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27
Q

Function:
Passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts

A

Pharynx

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28
Q

Are found in the pharynx

A

Tonsils

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29
Q

3 types of tonsils

A

Pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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30
Q

Located high in the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid

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31
Q

Located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate

A

Palatine tonsils

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32
Q

Located at the base of the tongue

A

Lingual tonsils

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33
Q

Function:
act as part of the immune system to help protect against infection

A

Tonsils

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34
Q

Is a cartilaginous epithelium- line structures that connects the pharynx and the trachea

A

Larynx

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35
Q

Structures of the larynx :

A

Epiglottis
Glottis
Thyroid cartilage

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36
Q

A valve flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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37
Q

It is also referred to as “ guardian of the airways”

A

Epiglottis

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38
Q

A slitlike passageway or opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

A

Glottis

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39
Q

A largest of the cartilage structure; part of it forms the “ adams apple”

A

Thyroid cartilage

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40
Q

3 parts of thyroid cartilage:

A

Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal cords

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41
Q

The only complete cartilaginous ring in the larynx (located below the thyroid cartilage)

A

Cricoid cartilage

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42
Q

Used in vocal cord movement with the thyroid cartilage

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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43
Q

Ligaments controlled by muscular movements that produce sounds; located in the lumen of the larynx

A

Vocal cords

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44
Q

Referred to as a voice box

A

Vocalization

45
Q

(windpipe) is composed of smooth muscle with C-shaped rings of cartilage at regular intervals

A

Trachea

46
Q

Are paired elastic structures enclosed in the thoracic cage, which is an airtight chamber with distensible walls

A

Lungs

47
Q

Narrow a superior portion of each lung located just deep to the clavicle

A

Appex

48
Q

A broad lung area resting on the diaphragm

A

Base

49
Q

Serous membranes that encloses the lungs

A

Pleura

50
Q

2 types of pleura:

A

Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura

51
Q

Directly cover the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

52
Q

Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

53
Q

A potential space between the two pleurae

A

Pleural space

54
Q

A slippery serous secretions produce by the pleural membranes which allows the lungs to slide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements

A

Pleural fluid

55
Q

Located in the middle of the thorax, between the pleural sacs that contain the two lungs

A

Mediastinum

56
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures

A

Lobes

57
Q

Divided into two lobes by fissures:

A

Right lung
Left lung

58
Q

3 lobes (upper, middle, lower lobes)

A

Right lung

59
Q

2 lobes (upper and lower lobes)

A

Left lung

60
Q

The right and left primary bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea

A

Bronchi and bronchioles

61
Q

Space in the tracheobronchial tree which contains 150ml of air does not participate in gas exchange

A

Physiologic dead space

62
Q

Lung is made up of about 300 million alveoli, which are arranged in cluster of 15 to 20 which resemble bunches of grapes and they make up the bulk of the lungs

A

Alveoli

63
Q

Also called “air-blood barriers” is composed of alveolar epithelium, fused basement membranes, and capillary endothelium where gas exchange takes place

A

Respiratory Membrane

64
Q

Mechanics of breathing:

A

Inspiration (inhalation)
Expiration (exhalation)
Intrapleural pressure

65
Q

Lung volume and capacities:

A

Tidal volume
Residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
Functional residual capacity
Total lung capacity

66
Q

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing

A

Tidal volume

67
Q

Average value: 500 ml

A

Tidal volume

68
Q

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after the maximum exhalation

A

Residual volume

69
Q

Average value: 1200 ml

A

Residual volume

70
Q

The additional amount that can be breathed in by force after a normal inhalation

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

71
Q

Average value: 2600 ml

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

72
Q

The additional amount that can be breathed out by force after a normal exhalation

A

Expiratory reserve volume

73
Q

Average value: 900ml

A

Expiratory reserve volume

74
Q

The volume of air that be epelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

A

Vital capacity

75
Q

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

A

Functional residual capacity

76
Q

Average value: 2100 ml

A

Functional residual capacity

77
Q

The total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation

A

Total lung capacity

78
Q

Average value: 5200 ml

A

Total lung capacity

79
Q

Regulation of respiration:

A

Nervous control
Chemical control
Central chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors

80
Q

Depends primarily on a respiratory control center located partly in the medulla oblongata and partly in the pins of the brain stem

A

Nervous control

81
Q

Chemoreceptors are sensitive to chemical dissolved in the body fluids

A

Chemical control

82
Q

Responds to CO2, level jn the circulating blood

A

Central Chemoreceptors

83
Q

Found in carotid and aortic bodies

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

84
Q

Abnormal Ventilation:

A

Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation

85
Q

An increased amount of air enters the alveoli

A

Hyperventilation

86
Q

An insufficient amount of air enters the alveoli

A

Hypoventilation

87
Q

Possible causes of hypoventilation

A

Respiratory obstruction
Lung disease
Injury to the respiratory center
Depression of the respiratory center
Chest deformity

88
Q

Breathing Patterns

Normal rates of Adults:

A

12-20cpm

89
Q

Breathing Patterns

Normal rates of Adults:

A

12-20cpm

90
Q

Breathing Patterns

Normal rates of Children:

A

20-40cpm

91
Q

Breathing Patterns

Normal rates of Infant:

A

> 40cpm

92
Q

What are the Altered Breathing Patterns:

A

Hyperpnea
Hypopnea
Tachypnea
Apnea
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Kussmaul respiration
Cheyne stoke respiration

93
Q

An abdominal increase in the depth and rate of respiration

A

Hyperpnea

94
Q

A decrease in depth and rate of respiration

A

Hypopnea

95
Q

An excessive rate of breathing that may be normal, as in exercise

A

Tachypnea

96
Q

A temporary cessation of breathing

A

Apnea

97
Q

A temporary cessation of breathing

A

Apnea

98
Q

A subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing

A

Dyspnea

99
Q

A difficulty in breathing that is relieved by sitting in an upright position, either against 2 pillows in bed or chair

A

Orthopnea

100
Q

Deep, rapid respiration characteristics of acidosis as seen in uncontrolled diabetes

A

Kussmaul respiration

101
Q

A rhythmic variation in the depth respiratory movements alternating with periods of apnea

A

Cheyne-Stoke respiration

102
Q

A rhythmic variation in the depth respiratory movements alternating with periods of apnea

A

Cheyne-Stoke respiration

103
Q

Results of inadequate breathing:

A

Cyanosis
Hypoxia
Anoxia
Hypoxemia
Suffocation

104
Q

A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood

A

Cyanosis

105
Q

A lower than normal oxygen level in the tissues

A

Hypoxia

106
Q

A total lack of oxygen in the tissues

A

Anoxia

107
Q

A lower than normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood

A

Hypoxemia

108
Q

The cessation of respiration, often a result of mechanical blockage of the respiratory passages

A

Suffocation

Anaphy (7 decks)

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