Lesson 2 Physical Exam Flashcards
a skillful or efficient way carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of a scientific procedure.
Technique
Techniques Used in Health Assessment
Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation.
IPPA
an examination of the different body systems to determine a person’s fitness.
Physical Examination
What kind of incorporation ir required in conducting a physical assessment
Infection control practices, assessment techniques, optimal patient position
What are the two levels of guidelines in infection control
Standard Precaution and transmission-based precautions
are measures to reduce the risk of transmitting infection from body fluids and non-intact skin (blood, secretions).
Standard Precautions
are guidelines designed for the control of infections among patients with known or suspected infections caused by certain pathogens of epidemiologic significance (contact, droplet, airborne precautions).
Transmission-based Precaution
it is considered to be the single most important action to reduce the transmission of infection and is the essential element of standard precautions.
Hand hygiene
It is performed before and after direct contact with patients and objects in the patient care area.
Hand hygiene
Before starting a physical assessment, you should…
Assemble the necessary tools
What are the necessary tools in physical assessment that need to be prepared before the procedure begins?
cotton balls, gloves, ophthalmoscope, otoscope, penlight, percussion hammer, safety pins, and stethoscope.
It is used to auscultate sounds within the body that are not audible with the naked ear.
Stethoscope
Four components of the stethoscope
Earpieces, binaurals, tubing and head
Two components of the head of a stethoscope
Diaphragm and bell
Stethoscope is used to hesr high-pitched sound such as…
Breath, Bowel, and normal heart sounds
It measures blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
What consists of the Sphygmomanometer?
Manometer, pressure cuff, and pressure bulb
It is used to measure the oxygen saturation in the arterial blood, consists of light-emitting diode (LED) probe connected by a cable monitor.
Pulse Oximeter
It is a wall chart hang at a distance of 20 feet from the patient
Snellen Chart
It is an instrument that has a light and several small lenses on it. Your can look through the lenses to examine one’s eye.
Opthalmoscope
It is usedto detect and evaluate symptoms of retinal detachment or eye diseases
Ophthalmoscope
It is a tool that shines a beam of light to help visualize and examine the condition of the ear canal and eardrum.
Otoscope
It is a small flashlight resembling a fountain pen in size or shape.
Penlight
It can beused to check areas of the mouth and throat, examine wounds and to assess pupil response.
Penlight
What are the types of paraphernalia that obtain an accurate measurement
Ruler and Tape Measure
It is a medical tool used to examine the anterior part of the nose.
Nasal Speculum
It helps in enlarging the sinus area so that the exposed area can be clearly observed.
Nasal Speculum
It is anacoustic resonator in the form of a two-prongedforkwith the prongs formed from a U-shaped bar ofelastic metal (usuallysteel).
Tuning fork
Itresonatesat a specific constantpitch when set vibrating by striking it against a surface or with an object, and emits a pure musical tone once the highovertonesfade.
Tuning fork
It is a medical instrument used by practitioners to test deep tendon reflexes. It is also known as reflex or neurological hammer.
Percussion hammer
It is used to detect abnormalities in the central or peripheral nervous system.
Percussion hammer
It isan instrument that measures the available range of motion at a joint.
Goniometer
The art and science of measuring the joint ranges in each plane of the joint
Goniometry
It is composed of two blades and a handle.
Vaginal Speculum
It is used to view the vaginal canal and cervix.
Vaginal speculum
The first part of physical assessment
Forming initial impressions with the patient and obtaining his baseline data
Components of baseline data
height, weight, and vital signs.
Terms to be familiar with in the physical assessment
Symmetry, old, mental acuity, expression, trunk, extremities, appearance, movement and speech
These are important parameters for evaluating nutritional status, calculating medication dosages, and assessing fluid loss or gain.
Height and weight
Why do you take the patient’s baseline height and weight?
so you can gauge future weight changes or calculate medication dosages in an emergency
What are included in vital signs?
Blood pressure, hesrt rate, respiratory rate
TPR and BP (Vital Signs)
T = body Temperature
P = Pulse pressure
R = Respiratory rate
BP = Blood pressure
Importance of Vital signs
They indicate normal or abnormal function
Accuracy can mean the difference between life and death
Produced by muscle activity, food oxidation, and glands
Heat
Is “lost” through respiration, perspiration, and secretion
Heat
Factors that increase body temperature
Exercise
Digestion of food
Increase environmental temperature
Illness
Infection
Excitement
Anxiety
Factors that decrease temperature
Sleep
Fasting
Exposure to cold
Depression
Decreased muscle activity
Certain Illnesses
Mouth breathing
Most common sites to measure temperature
Mouth
Axillary
Rectum
Tympanic
Number of times the heart pumps or beat in a minute
Pulse
Most common sites to measure in pulse
Radial, antecubital (brachial), apical (Stethoscope on chest wall)
Pulse rate variety
Newborn = 120 - 160
Teenagers = 60 - 110
Adults = 60 - 100
Pulse below 60 means
Bradycardia
Pulse above 100 means
Tachycardia
Factors that influence pulse
INCREASE
Exercise
Hemorrhage
Emptional excitement
Elevated temperature
Age
Shock
INCREASE OR DECREASE
Medication
Illness or disease
DECREASE
Aerobic fitness
Depression
Common site for counting pulse rate
Radial pulse
An electronic device that measures pulse and oxygen concentration
Pulse oximeter
The process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide
Respiration
How is Respiration rate assesed?
Observing the client’s chest movement upward and downward for a complete minute
Another method to assess respiration rate
Auscultation (listening with a stethoscope)
Difficulty breathing
Dyspnea
Stopped breathing (no lung sound)
Apnea
Periods of labored breathe followed by apnea
Cheynes-stokes
Bubbling or rattling sounds cause by mucus
Rales
Factors that affect respiration
Anxiety
Respiration rate
Relaxation
Depression
Head injury
Age (newborn 40/minute, adult 12/minute)
Exercise
Pain
Fever
Heart disease
Medication
Increase in Respiratory rate
Hyperventilation
Decrease in Respiratory rate
Hypoventilation
Force of blood pushing against veins
Blood pressure
Greatest force exerted on the arteries
Systolic
Least force exerted by the arteries
Diastolic
Blood pressure depends on
Volume of blood
Force of heartbeat
Condition of the arteries
Factors that decrease blood pressure
Hemorrhage
Inactivity
Fasting
Suppressants
Depression
Expected BP readings
Systolic between 100-140 mmHg
Diastolic between 60-90 mmHg
Blood pressure above normal 140/90 or higher
Hypertension
Blood pressure below normal 90/60
Hypotension
Commonly under-diagnosed
Pain Assessment
Major focus of caring for patients in all professions
Pain Assessment
Fifth Vital sign
Pain Assessment
Temperature within normal range
Afebrile
Temperature is elevated
Febrile
Temperature below normal
Hypothermia
Pertaining to ear
Aural
Irregular heart beats
Arrhythmia
Extremely strong heart beat
Bounding
Slower than normal heart beat
Bradycardia
Faster than normal heart rate
Tachycardia
Types of Percussion
Direct Percussion
Indirect Percussion
reveals tenderness. Using one or two fingers, tap directly on the body part.
Direct Percussion
elicits sounds that give clues to the makeup of the underlying tissues.
Indirect Percussion
