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Genetics > Lesson 2: Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

alternative form of a gene

A

allele

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2
Q

contain like genes for any character

A

Homozygous

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3
Q

contains two kinds of genes for an allelic pair

A

Heterozygous

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4
Q

appearance or assemblage of characters that are expressed; may change because of interactions with environment and other genes

A

phenotype

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5
Q

formula to define the phenotypic value of an individual as the consequence of the alleles

A

P = G + EP = G + E + G x EP = phenotypeG = genotypeE = environment

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6
Q

genetic constitution of an individual; constant

A

genotype

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7
Q

trait that is expressed in the heterozygote

A

dominant trait

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8
Q

hidden in the heterozygote

A

recessive trait

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9
Q
  • father of genetics- Developed the fundamental laws of heredity
A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

Gregor Mendel blended the __ vs __

A
  • Concept of Inheritance- Particulate Theory of Inheritance
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11
Q

Mendel chose __ as his subjects as they are easily grown and their pollination is easily controlled. He controlled pollination by manually moving pollen between plants

A

garden peas (Pisum sativum)

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12
Q

Gregor Mendel developed True-breeding plants by __

A

self-pollination

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13
Q

produce pollen grains, which contain male gametes in plants

A

anthers

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14
Q

produce female gametes in plants

A

ovules

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15
Q

receives pollen

A

stigma

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16
Q

Process of self-pollination

A
  1. Remove anthers from one plant.2. Collect pollen from a different plant.3. Transfer pollen to stigma of the 1st plant (plant without anthers)
17
Q

Why Mendel Was Successful

A
  • Unbiased* Selected good model organism* Used pure breeds as parents* Large sample size* Quantitative analysis* Controlled experiments* Studied obvious traits
18
Q

Mendel’s Conclusion: Genes do not __ together. Genes maintain their __ from generation to generation.

A
  • blend - integrity
19
Q

Mendel’s Conclusion: Peas have __, of each __.

A
  • two alleles- gene
20
Q

Mendel’s Conclusion: Each gamete contains __. Pairs of alleles segregate during the formation of __

A
  • one allele of each gene- gametes
21
Q

Mendel’s Conclusion: Males and females contribute __ to the __ of their offspring. When gametes fuse, offspring acquire a total of __—one from each parent

A
  • equally - genotype - two alleles
22
Q

Mendel’s Conclusion: Some alleles are dominant to others. When a dominant and recessive allele for the same gene is found in the same individual (heterozygous), that individual exhibits the __ phenotype.

A
  • dominant
23
Q

Alleles occur in pairs and that in the formation of gametes, these segregate so that only one member of a pair goes into a particular gamete. What law?

A

Law of Segregation

24
Q

Each parent contributes __ to the progeny. What law?

A
  • equally- Law of Segregation
25
Q

The __ phenotypic ratio means that the F1 contains the __ alternative forms of the gene or is heterozygous.

A
  • 3:1 - two
26
Q

involves one (mono) character and different (hybrid) traits.

A

monohybrid cross

27
Q
  • Genetic problems can be easily solved using a tool – Tool for calculating genetic probabilities
A

Punnett square

28
Q
  • based on dihybrid crosses where two genes are considered simultaneously- alleles in different gene pairs separate cleanly from each other and randomly combine during gamete formation
A

Law of Independent Assortment

29
Q

are made when phenotypes and genotypes composed of 2 independent alleles are analyzed.

A

Dihybrid crosses

30
Q
  • genes that are on the same chromosome are linked- do not undergo independent assortment
A

linked genes

31
Q

Mendelian disorders in humans

A
  • ptosis - achondroplasia- Progeria- polydactyly
32
Q

known as the drooping of the upper eyelid, and the patient usually presents with the complaint of the defect in vision and cosmesis. It can be congenital or acquired, or it can be neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, or traumatic in origin.

A

ptosis

33
Q
  • a genetic condition affecting a protein in the body called the fibroblast growth factor receptor.- this protein begins to function abnormally, slowing down the growth of bone in the cartilage of the growth plate.
A

achondroplasia

34
Q

also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is an extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder. It causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life.

A

progeria

35
Q
  • From Greek word Thalassa (sea) and haemia (blood)* caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the __ of __* Manifests during 2nd year; causes __, __, __* Requires life-long __
A
  • β-Thallasemia- beta chains; hemoglobin- severe anemia- poor growth- skeletal abnormalities- blood transfusion
36
Q
  • Stabilizing selection against __* Heterozygote superiority* Similar to __/autosomal recessive* Highest prevalence among Greeks (10%); Fil in Canada ( 4%); Taiwan (0.9%)
A
  • β-Thallasemia- malaria- sickle cell anemia

Genetics (18 decks)

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