Lesson 2: Mendelian Genetics

Question 1

alternative form of a gene

Answer 1

allele

Question 2

contain like genes for any character

Answer 2

Homozygous

Question 3

contains two kinds of genes for an allelic pair

Answer 3

Heterozygous

Question 4

appearance or assemblage of characters that are expressed; may change because of interactions with environment and other genes

Answer 4

phenotype

Question 5

formula to define the phenotypic value of an individual as the consequence of the alleles

Answer 5

P = G + EP = G + E + G x EP = phenotypeG = genotypeE = environment

Question 6

genetic constitution of an individual; constant

Answer 6

genotype

Question 7

trait that is expressed in the heterozygote

Answer 7

dominant trait

Question 8

hidden in the heterozygote

Answer 8

recessive trait

Question 9

• father of genetics- Developed the fundamental laws of heredity

Answer 9

Gregor Mendel

Question 10

Gregor Mendel blended the __ vs __

Answer 10

• Concept of Inheritance- Particulate Theory of Inheritance

Question 11

Mendel chose __ as his subjects as they are easily grown and their pollination is easily controlled. He controlled pollination by manually moving pollen between plants

Answer 11

garden peas (Pisum sativum)

Question 12

Gregor Mendel developed True-breeding plants by __

Answer 12

self-pollination

Question 13

produce pollen grains, which contain male gametes in plants

Answer 13

anthers

Question 14

produce female gametes in plants

Answer 14

ovules

Question 15

receives pollen

Answer 15

stigma

Question 16

Process of self-pollination

Answer 16

1. Remove anthers from one plant.2. Collect pollen from a different plant.3. Transfer pollen to stigma of the 1st plant (plant without anthers)

Question 17

Why Mendel Was Successful

Answer 17

• Unbiased* Selected good model organism* Used pure breeds as parents* Large sample size* Quantitative analysis* Controlled experiments* Studied obvious traits

Question 18

Mendel’s Conclusion: Genes do not __ together. Genes maintain their __ from generation to generation.

Answer 18

• blend - integrity

Question 19

Mendel’s Conclusion: Peas have __, of each __.

Answer 19

• two alleles- gene

Question 20

Mendel’s Conclusion: Each gamete contains __. Pairs of alleles segregate during the formation of __

Answer 20

• one allele of each gene- gametes

Question 21

Mendel’s Conclusion: Males and females contribute __ to the __ of their offspring. When gametes fuse, offspring acquire a total of __—one from each parent

Answer 21

• equally - genotype - two alleles

Question 22

Mendel’s Conclusion: Some alleles are dominant to others. When a dominant and recessive allele for the same gene is found in the same individual (heterozygous), that individual exhibits the __ phenotype.

Answer 22

• dominant

Question 23

Alleles occur in pairs and that in the formation of gametes, these segregate so that only one member of a pair goes into a particular gamete. What law?

Answer 23

Law of Segregation

Question 24

Each parent contributes __ to the progeny. What law?

Answer 24

• equally- Law of Segregation

Question 25

The __ phenotypic ratio means that the F1 contains the __ alternative forms of the gene or is heterozygous.

Answer 25

- 3:1 - two

Question 26

involves one (mono) character and different (hybrid) traits.

Answer 26

monohybrid cross

Question 27

- Genetic problems can be easily solved using a tool – Tool for calculating genetic probabilities

Answer 27

Punnett square

Question 28

- based on dihybrid crosses where two genes are considered simultaneously- alleles in different gene pairs separate cleanly from each other and randomly combine during gamete formation

Answer 28

Law of Independent Assortment

Question 29

are made when phenotypes and genotypes composed of 2 independent alleles are analyzed.

Answer 29

Dihybrid crosses

Question 30

- genes that are on the same chromosome are linked- do not undergo independent assortment

Answer 30

linked genes

Question 31

Mendelian disorders in humans

Answer 31

- ptosis - achondroplasia- Progeria- polydactyly

Question 32

known as the drooping of the upper eyelid, and the patient usually presents with the complaint of the defect in vision and cosmesis. It can be congenital or acquired, or it can be neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, or traumatic in origin.

Answer 32

ptosis

Question 33

- a genetic condition affecting a protein in the body called the fibroblast growth factor receptor.- this protein begins to function abnormally, slowing down the growth of bone in the cartilage of the growth plate.

Answer 33

achondroplasia

Question 34

also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is an extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder. It causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life.

Answer 34

progeria

Question 35

- From Greek word Thalassa (sea) and haemia (blood)* caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the __ of __* Manifests during 2nd year; causes __, __, __* Requires life-long __

Answer 35

- β-Thallasemia- beta chains; hemoglobin- severe anemia- poor growth- skeletal abnormalities- blood transfusion

Question 36

* Stabilizing selection against __* Heterozygote superiority* Similar to __/autosomal recessive* Highest prevalence among Greeks (10%); Fil in Canada ( 4%); Taiwan (0.9%)

Answer 36

- β-Thallasemia- malaria- sickle cell anemia