Chapter 8: Behavioral Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

co-discoverer of double-helix structure of DNA and former head of the Human Genome Project

A

James D. Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who said, “ We used to think that our fate was in our stars. Now we know, in large part, that our fate is in our genes.”

A

James D. Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • biologist at the University of California-Berlekey and editor of Science magazine
A

Daniel E. Koshland Jr.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who said, ‘the nature/nurture debate is over and genes influence many aspects of behaviour’

A

Daniel E. Koshland Jr.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of “racial improvement” and “planned breeding

A

Eugenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Father of Eugenics
  • cousin of Charles Darwin; convinced by appearance of geniuses within families that intelligence is inherited
A

Francis Galton (1865)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who said, -‘human society can be improved through better breeding’ in an article entitled ‘Hereditary Talent and Character’

A

Francis Galton (1865)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the word ‘Eugenics’ from Greek for ‘__ __’

A

good birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

-studied identical twins to demonstrate that nature prevails enormously over nurture
-wrote that it is ‘possible to produce a highly gifted race of men by judicious marriages during several consecutive generations.’

A

Francis Galton (1865)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

American sexual libertarian who said, ‘while the good man will be limited by his conscience to what the law allows, the bad man, free from moral check, will distribute his seed beyond the legal limit’.

A

Humphrey Noyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • ability to be a naval officer is a heritable trait composed of subtraits for thalassophilia (love of the sea) and hyperkineticism (wanderlust)
  • trait is unique to males
  • sponsored ‘Fitter Families Contests’
A

Humphrey Noyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • founder of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
  • founded American Eugenics Society in 1920
  • tried to prove heritability of traits as pauperism feeblemindedness and criminality
A

Charles Davenport (1919)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

practiced euthanasia (good death) of the mentally and physically disabled, Jews, Gypsies, Catholics and others in Nazi Germany and occupied countries

A

Adolf Hitler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What country? When? the prime minister promoted policies that encouraged middle class Singaporeans to bear children and discouraged childbearing by the poor and uneducated

A

Singapore (1983)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did the National Academy of Sciences publish in 1993 regarding the Double Y chromosome?

A

no evidence to support a link between having an extra Y chromosome and violent behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did follow-up studies indicate about Double Y men?

A

tend to be taller and score slightly lower on intelligence tests but are otherwise normal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the University of Minnesota twin study suggest about the influence of genetics on personality and temperament?

A

twins raised apart were about as similar as those raised together.

18
Q

Who said, ‘If you bring together strangers who were born the same day in the same country and ask them to find similarities between them, you may find a lot of seemingly astounding coincidences’.

A

Richard Rose (Indiana University)

19
Q

Who?
- Minnesota study had inconsistencies and was possibly fraudulent
- biased selection method
- Minnesota study relied on media coverage to recruit twins ‘twins interested in publicity and willing to support it’

A

Leon Kamin (Northeastern University)

20
Q

How might genes contribute to the development of schizophrenia according to E. Fuller Torrey?

A

Genes might create a susceptibility to in utero viral infections that could lead to schizophrenia.

21
Q

Who reported discovering a genetic marker for alcoholism in 1990?

A

Kenneth Blum of the University of Texas Health Science Center

22
Q

What is the name of the genetic marker for alcoholism reported by Kenneth Blum?

A

A1 allele

23
Q

What have recent researches revealed about the link between the A1 allele and alcoholism?

A

no such link between the A1 allele and alcoholism

24
Q

Gay Genes
- Who conducted a study in 1991 focusing on a neural structure related to sexual orientation?
- What neural structure did he study about sexual orientation?
- What is the function of that?
- What’s the finding?

A
  • Simon LeVay of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego
  • interstitial nucleus in the hypothalamus
  • interstitial nucleus controls sexual response.
  • interstitial nucleus was almost twice as large in heterosexual males compared to homosexual males and women.
25
Q

Gay Genes
What groups did Simon LeVay compare in his study?

A

nuclear structure in the brains of:
- 19 homosexual males,
- 6 heterosexual women
-16 heterosexual males.

26
Q

Gay Genes
LeVay postulated that the interstitial nucleus is ‘large in individuals oriented toward __-whether male or female.’

A

women

27
Q
  • a researcher at the National Cancer Institute studying a strain of fruit flies that court other males.
  • What names did she give to the fruit flies that court other males?
A
  • Angela Pattatucci
  • “fruity” or “fruitless”
28
Q

What is considered the best, most usable measure of intelligence?

A

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

29
Q

According to Jensen (1969) and Herrnstein (1971), what is the estimated contribution of heredity and environment to intelligence?

A

80% heredity and 20% environment

30
Q

What do heredity and environmental factors provide in terms of intelligence? (2)

A
  1. heredity provides individual with upper and lower limits of intelligence
  2. realization of particular IQ depends upon environmental factors
31
Q

Two views of behavioral genetics (2)

A
  • Gene –> Bebhavior (linear)
  • Gene networks + Environment –> Behavior (multiple lines)
32
Q

What are the classical methods for studying the relationship between genes and behavior? (2)

A
  • twins (same genes, different environments)
  • adoptees (different genes, same environment)
33
Q

__ is the fraction of total variability due to genetic differences. It is determined by studying twins and adoptees.

A

Heritability

34
Q

Classical Methods for Studying the Relationship between Genes and Behavior (Studying twins and adoptees)
- What has research using linkage mapping revealed about schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?

A

Dozens of loci have been identified, but only a few have been replicated in at least one study, and none in every study. No specific genes have been definitively found.

35
Q

Classical Methods for Studying the Relationship between Genes and Behavior (Studying twins and adoptees)
- What is known about the genetic basis of personality traits such as neuroticism and novelty seeking?

A

Specific genes have been found, but they account for only a few percent of total variance.

36
Q

What are some complications in behavior gene discovery? (5)

A
  • Complications
  • Multiple genes
  • Environment is important
  • Pleiotropy
  • Measurement
37
Q

refers to the phenomenon where a single gene can have multiple effects on different traits or phenotypes.

A

pleiotropy

38
Q

What is emphasized in the understanding of the relationship between genes and behavior? How to do a powerful study?

A

It is emphasized that there is a long way between genes and behavior, and it may be more powerful to study genetic effects on the brain, as the brain mediates behavior.

39
Q

Behavior is Multifactorial (show the connections)

A

One trait <- Many genes; One gene -> many traits —> Gene ≠ Behavior

40
Q

a phenomenon where a trait is controlled by multiple genetic variants scattered across the genome.

A

polygenicity