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Genetics > Chapter 4a: Chromosomal Basis of Heredity > Flashcards

Chapter 4a: Chromosomal Basis of Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • single chromosome plus plasmids
A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

copies its chromosome and divides immediately afterward

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

circular chromosome

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

Chromosome made only of DNA

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

chromosome found in the cytoplasm

A

prokaryotes

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6
Q

have many chromosomes

A

eukaryotes

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7
Q

have linear chromosomes

A

eukaryotes

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8
Q

chromosomes made of chromatin, a nucleoprotein (DNA coiled around histone proteins)

A

eukaryotes

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9
Q

chromosomes found in a nucleus

A

eukaryotes

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10
Q

copies chromosomes, then the cell grows, then goes through mitosis to organize chromosomes in two equal groups

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

chromosomes condensed and visible during cell division

A

eukaryotes

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12
Q

Chromosomes of eukaryotes: At the beginning of mitosis they can be seen to consist of two threads (__) joined by a __

A
  • sister chromatids
  • centromere
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13
Q

The sister chromatids are __ copies

A

identical

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14
Q

Parts of eukaryotic chromosome

A
  • p arm (petite)
  • centromere
  • q arm
  • telomere
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15
Q

__ is a specific region of the eukaryotic chromosome where the __ (the complex of DNA and proteins to which the spindle fibers) attach and pull the chromosomes during both mitosis and meiosis

A
  • centromere
  • kinetochore
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16
Q

types of chromosomes based on centromeric position

A
  • metacentric
  • submetacentric
  • acrocentric
  • telocentric
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17
Q

centromere is median

A

metacentric

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18
Q

centromere is submedian

A

Submetacentric

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19
Q

centromere is subterminal

A

acrocentric

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20
Q

centromere is terminal

A

telocentric

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21
Q

protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration

A

telomere

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22
Q

length shortens with age

A

telomere

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23
Q

GT rich repetitive sequences at the ends of the chromosomes

A

telomere

24
Q

daughter chromatids are bound at the __

A

centromere

25
Q

where microtubules attach during mitosis (more later)

A

kinetochore

26
Q

telomeres at the ends of chromosome are __ sequence (__ - __ times), maintained by __

A
  • TTAGGG
  • 500-3000
  • telomerase
27
Q

__(phase): Multicellular organisms __ their chromosomes before cell division
: They must __ to a mature size.
: The nucleus divides, distributing the chromosomes into two equal groups (__)

A
  • interphase
  • copy
  • grow
  • mitosis
28
Q

The cytoplasm then divides (__) each part taking a nucleus.

A

cytokinesis

29
Q

The Cell Cycle

A

Interphase:
Gap 1 (G1) - Cell grows
Synthesis Phase - Replication of DNA
Gap 2 (G2) - cell prepares to divide

Mitotic Phase (M) - cell division
Gap Zero (G0) Phase - Quiescent state

30
Q

organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced. Cell prepares for mitosis.

A

Gap 2 (G2) Phase

31
Q

§ results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell
§ The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell.

A

mitosis

32
Q
  • Results in the production of germ (sex) cells
  • halves the number of chromosomes
  • picks one chromosome from each pair at random and places them in a sex cell. This results in enormous variation amongst the sex cells.
A

meiosis

33
Q

Meiosis: chromosome number?

A

halved

34
Q

Meiosis: daughter cells?

A

four

35
Q

Meiosis: genetic variation?

A

cross over

36
Q

Stages of mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytoknesis
37
Q

Mitosis: Chromosomes condense.

A

prophase

38
Q

Mitosis: Chromosomes align at the equator.

A

metaphase

39
Q

Mitosis: Sister chromatids separate.

A

anaphase

40
Q

Mitosis: Nuclear envelope reforms.

A

telophase

41
Q

Stage in prophase where chromosomes continue to condense and become visible.

A

leptotene or leptonema (thin thread stage)

42
Q

The process of pairing of chromosomes

A

synapsis

43
Q

Stage in prophase where crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes.

A

Pachytene (thickening stage)

44
Q

Stage in prophase where homologous chromosomes begin to pair up and become visible as pairs.

A

zygotene (pairing stage) or zygonema

45
Q

stages of Prophase I

A
  • Leptotene
  • Zygotene
  • Pachytene
  • Diplotene
  • Diakinesis
46
Q

characterized by desynapsis and chiasmata formation.

A

Diplotene (duplication stage) or diplonema

47
Q

Stage in prophase where nuclear envelope breakdown and spindle formation continue.

A

Diakinesis (moving apart stage)

48
Q

crossing over =

A

recombination

49
Q

What is the term for the site of crossing over between non-sister chromatids during meiosis?

A

chiasma

50
Q

Stage where genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes?

A

prophase I

51
Q

Stage where homologous chromosomes align independently at the cell’s equator?

A

metaphase I

52
Q

Stage where homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles?

A

anaphase I

53
Q

Stage where nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes?

A

Telophase I

54
Q

Stage where chromosomes condense again and spindle fibers form?

A

Prophase II

55
Q

Stage where chromosomes align at the cell’s equator?

A

metaphase II

56
Q

Stage where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles?

A

anaphase II

57
Q

Stage where nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromatids and cytokinesis occurs?

A

telophase II

Genetics (18 decks)

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