Lecture 1: Introduction to Genetics Flashcards
genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the principles of __ and __ in all living things
- heredity
- variation
genetics is the core of __
biological science
genetics impinges on other __ and __ sciences
- natural
- behavioral
an inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes. It happens because they have less __ than usual in their body. __ gives skin, hair, and eyes their color.
- albinism
- melanin
- melanin
the first mammal that was cloned from an adult somatic cell.
Dolly the sheep
a condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers.
polydactyl
GMO
genetically modified organism
__ is enhanced through biotechnology to protect against insect pests. Its built-in insect protection comes from a naturally occurring microorganism called __ or “__.”
- Bt corn
- Bacillus thuringiensis
- Bt
Applications of genetics
- Plant and Animal Improvement
- Medicine
- Genetic Counseling
- Legal Applications
- Genetic Engineering
– Transgenics
– Legal, Social, Environmental and Health Implications
– Ethical Issues in Biotechnology
an analysis of the DNA of each individual to obtain the so-called genetic profile or genetic fingerprint. By comparing the genetic profiles obtained from two individuals, the relationship between them can be determined.
Paternity and kinship tests
Who was the first cloned cat and when was it produced?
- CC “Carbon Copy”
- Dec. 22, 2001
Where and what year were the 1st cloned calves produced?
Japan 1998
Tissue cultured __ from Australia; date from __ and was thought to be extinct __ yrs. ago
- Wollemi pine
- Cretaceous period
- 50M
Applications of genetics in medicine
- Insulin for diabetes
- Interferon for treating cancer
- Hepatitis B vaccine
a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas. It is used in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments.
Bioremediation
Frost-resistant tomato with an antifreeze gene from a __
cold-water fish
Recent African Origin Model suggests that our species evolved from a small African population that subsequently colonised the whole world Coalescence analysis indicates that all mtDNA in modern humans can be traced back to a single female (~100-150,000 years ago)
Mitochondrial ‘Eve’
Process of Gene Therapy
- Cells are removed from patient.
- In the laboratory, a virus is altered so that it cannot reproduce.
- A gene is inserted into the virus.
- The altered virus is mixed with cells from the patient.
- The cells from the patient become genetically altered.
- The altered cells are injected into the patient.
- The genetically altered cells produce the desired protein or hormone.
process for Gene therapy for sickle cell disease
- Collection of blood-forming stem cells
- Stem cells corrected by beta-globin gene transfer from viral vectors
- Transplantation of corrected stem cells back to patient
a powerful genome editing tool targeting the mosquito vector to interrupt malaria transmission.
Crispr-cas9
While genetic changes can alter which protein is made, __ changes affect gene expression to turn genes “on” and “off.”
epigenetic
similarity between accretion and growth
increase in size
the process of growth or increase, typically by the gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter.
accretion
the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species. Multiple sources of this are mutation and genetic recombination
Genetic variation/variation
variation among individuals of the same species
intraspecific variation
variation that occurs when comparing individuals of differing species.
interspecific variation
sequences of DNA that move (or jump) from one location in the genome to another
Transposable elements (TEs), also known as “jumping genes” or transposons
Explain the case of paloverde
- A paloverde tree stands guard in an Arizona desert. In 1993, one of these trees helped solve a crime when it dropped its distinct seeds into a murderer’s pickup truck.
- the first use of Plant DNA in a murder trial
Explain the OJ Simpson Case
- OJ Simpson allegedly murdered his wife and her lover.
- allegedly left his glove and blood drops near the scene of the crime
- In the O.J. Simpson trial, the defense contested DNA evidence by suggesting the blood samples contained EDTA, a preservative. They argued that this implied tampering. However, skepticism surrounded the reliability of EDTA testing methods. Despite the controversy, O.J. Simpson was found not guilty. The case highlights challenges in interpreting scientific evidence in high-profile trials.
Explain the case of the Goldenstate killer
- The Golden State Killer case involved a serial criminal responsible for numerous crimes in California between 1974 and 1986.
- The FBI used genetic genealogy to identify the suspect, Joseph James DeAngelo, in 2018. Investigators uploaded crime scene DNA to a public genealogy database, identified distant relatives, and built a family tree to trace the suspect.
- DeAngelo was arrested in 2018 and later pleaded guilty to 13 murders, 151 rapes, and 120 burglaries.
