Lesson 2 Flashcards
Encodig
The processing of information into the memory system
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory stage
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (20 sec - 1 minute) Eg. Phone number
Long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience
Forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus - 1885)
Graph that shows how fast forgetting occurs over time (very quickly at first and more slowly then)
Organization
Processing the relations between the pieces of informations that have to be remembered
Elaboration (Parvio, 1986)
Linking stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Dual coding theory (Parvio., 1986)
Memory is enhanced by forming both verbal and visual codes, since either lead to recall
Génération Effect
Information Is better remembered if t is generated from one’s own mind rather than simply read
Testing effect (Rödiger, 2011)
Finding that long-term memory is increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information
•identification in gaps in knowledge
•transfer appropriate processing
•same competences in tests & exams (retrieval)
Retrieval Practice
Strategy of devoting time during the learning period to retrieve ten to-be-remembered info
Massed Practice (Kornell 2009)
Learning into fewer but longer training sessions == distributed practice
Distributed practice (Kornell, 2009)
Breaking practice and learning into a number of shorter sessions (in contrast to massed practice)
Transfer-appropriate Processing
Proposal that retention is best when the mode of encoding and the mode of retrieval are the same
Levels of processing theory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972)
Deeper level of processing (semantic processing, meaning of verbal input) result in longer-lasting memory codes than shallow processing (phonetic..)
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, to maintain in consciousness or to encode for storage
Contextual variability
Experiences encoded at different times and locations tend to be associated with different contextual states
Context dependence phenomen (Godden & Baddeley, 1975)
The fact that memory benefit when the spatiotemporal, mood, psychological or cognitive context at retrieval matches are present at encoding
Mental reinstatement of context
The strategy of mentally revisiting the context in which an information was learned
Method loci
Taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered and associated with certain location
