Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Encodig

A

The processing of information into the memory system

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2
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoded information over time

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory stage

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4
Q

Short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (20 sec - 1 minute) Eg. Phone number

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5
Q

Long-term memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience

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6
Q

Forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus - 1885)

A

Graph that shows how fast forgetting occurs over time (very quickly at first and more slowly then)

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7
Q

Organization

A

Processing the relations between the pieces of informations that have to be remembered

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8
Q

Elaboration (Parvio, 1986)

A

Linking stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

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9
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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10
Q

Dual coding theory (Parvio., 1986)

A

Memory is enhanced by forming both verbal and visual codes, since either lead to recall

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11
Q

Génération Effect

A

Information Is better remembered if t is generated from one’s own mind rather than simply read

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12
Q

Testing effect (Rödiger, 2011)

A

Finding that long-term memory is increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information
•identification in gaps in knowledge
•transfer appropriate processing
•same competences in tests & exams (retrieval)

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13
Q

Retrieval Practice

A

Strategy of devoting time during the learning period to retrieve ten to-be-remembered info

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14
Q

Massed Practice (Kornell 2009)

A

Learning into fewer but longer training sessions == distributed practice

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15
Q

Distributed practice (Kornell, 2009)

A

Breaking practice and learning into a number of shorter sessions (in contrast to massed practice)

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16
Q

Transfer-appropriate Processing

A

Proposal that retention is best when the mode of encoding and the mode of retrieval are the same

17
Q

Levels of processing theory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972)

A

Deeper level of processing (semantic processing, meaning of verbal input) result in longer-lasting memory codes than shallow processing (phonetic..)

18
Q

Rehearsal

A

The conscious repetition of information, to maintain in consciousness or to encode for storage

19
Q

Contextual variability

A

Experiences encoded at different times and locations tend to be associated with different contextual states

20
Q

Context dependence phenomen (Godden & Baddeley, 1975)

A

The fact that memory benefit when the spatiotemporal, mood, psychological or cognitive context at retrieval matches are present at encoding

21
Q

Mental reinstatement of context

A

The strategy of mentally revisiting the context in which an information was learned

22
Q

Method loci

A

Taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered and associated with certain location