Lesson 2

Question 1

Translate “the brother” into each of the four noun cases.

Answer 1

Nominative: ὁ ἀδελφός
Accusative: τὸν ἀδελφόν
Genitive: τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ
Dative: τῷ ἀδελφῷ

( O-group, masculine noun)

Question 2

Translate “the brothers” (plural) into each of the four noun cases.

Answer 2

Nominative: οἱ ἀδελφοί
Accusative: τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς
Genitive: τῶν ἀδελφῶν
Dative: τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς

( O-group, masculine noun)

Question 3

Translate “the book” into each of the four noun cases.

Answer 3

Nominative: τὸ βιβλίον
Accusative: τὸ βιβλίον
Genitive: τοῦ βιβλὶου
Dative: τῷ βιβλίῳ

(These are O-group, neuter endings. Notice that the nominative and accusative are the same? They’re always the same for neuter nouns.)

Question 4

Translate “the books” (plural) into each of the four cases.

Answer 4

Nominative: τὰ βιβλία
Accusative: τὰ βιβλία
Genitive: τῶν βιβλίων
Dative: τοῖς βιβλίοις

(These are O-group, neuter endings. Notice that the nominative and accusative are the same? They’re always the same for neuter nouns.)

Question 5

Translate “the brother” or “the brothers” into Greek.

They love the brothers.

Answer 5

τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς

Question 6

Translate “the brother” or “the brothers” into Greek.

They love the brothers’ horses.

Answer 6

τῶν ἀδελφῶν

Question 7

Translate “the brother” or “the brothers” into Greek.

Give the brother your letter.

Answer 7

τῷ ἀδελφῷ

Question 8

Translate “the brother” or “the brothers” into Greek.

Brothers should be friends.

Answer 8

οἱ ἀδελφοί

Question 9

Translate “the brother” or “the brothers” into Greek.

I do this for the brothers.

Answer 9

τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς

Question 10

Translate “the book” or “the books” into Greek.

I don’t know the name of the book.

Answer 10

τοῦ βιβλὶου

Question 11

Translate “the book” or “the books” into Greek.

The books are here.

Answer 11

τὰ βιβλία

Question 12

Translate “book” or “books” into Greek.

A poet loves books.

Answer 12

βιβλία

Question 13

Translate “book” or “books” into Greek.

He is reading (a) book.

Answer 13

τὸ βιβλίον

Question 14

Translate “book” or “books” into Greek.

Do you see (any) books?

Answer 14

βιβλία

Question 15

Translate the following:

ὁ ἰατρός μου φιλεῖ ἀναγιγνώσκειν τὰ βιβλία.

Answer 15

My doctor loves to read books.

Question 16

Translate the following:

καὶ ἐν τῖς βιβλίοις εἰσι μῦθοι.

Answer 16

And in the books, there are stories.

Question 17

Translate the following:

ὁ ἰατρὸς λέγει μύθους τοῖς άνθρώποις.

Answer 17

The doctor tells stories to the people.

Question 18

Translate the following:

οἱ ἄνθρωποι φιλοῦσι καὶ τόν ἰατρὸν καὶ τοὺς μύθους αὐτοῦ.

Answer 18

The people love both the doctor and his stories.

Question 19

Translate the following:

καὶ λέγουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ὄτι οἱ μῦθοι τοῦ ἰατροῦ ἀληθῶς τὰ φὰρμακα αὐτοῦ εἰσιν.

Answer 19

And the people say that the stories of the doctor are truly his medicines.

Question 20

Normally, a singular subject takes a singular verb, a plural subject a plural verb. What is the exception to this rule?

Answer 20

It is the convention in ancient Greek that a neuter plural subject takes a singular verb.

τὰ βιβλία ἐστὶν ἐνταῦθα. The books are here. (Literally, The books is here.)

Question 21

Translate the following:

τὰ βιβλία ἐστὶν ἀγαθἀ.

Answer 21

The books are good.

Question 22

Translate the following:

οἱ ἄνθροποι εἰσιν ἀγαθοί.

Answer 22

The people are good.

Question 23

Translate the following:

τὰ μικρὰ ποιήματα χαλεπά ἐστιν.

Answer 23

The small poems are difficult.

Question 24

Translate the following:

The poems are difficult.

Answer 24

τὰ ποιήματα χαλεπά ἐστιν.

Question 25

Translate the following:

The books are small.

Answer 25

τὰ βιβλία μικρά ἐστιν.

Question 26

Translate the following:

The difficult books are good.

Answer 26

τὰ χαλεπὰ βιβλία ἀγαθά ἐστιν.

Question 27

The Greek article corresponds, though not exactly, to our English “the.” Its main use is to identify a particular one or ones: ὁ μῦθος - the story oἱ μῦθοι - the stories

Give the full declension for the masculine article.

Answer 27

ὁ
τὸν
τοῦ
τῷ

οἱ
τοῦς
τῶν
τοῖς

Question 28

Give the full declension for the feminine article.

Answer 28

ἠ
τὴν
τῆς
τῇ

αἱ
τὰς
τῶν
ταῖς

Question 29

Give the full declension for the neuter article.

Answer 29

τὸ
τὸ
τοῦ
τῷ

τὰ
τὰ
τῶν
τοῖς

Question 30

What are the four uses for the Greek article?

Answer 30

1) to identify a particular one or ones: ἡ φωνὴ - the voice

2) with a possessive, understood or expressed
ὁρῶ τὴν χεῖρα σου. I see your hand.
δός μοι τὴν χεῖρα. Give me your hand.

3) With abstracts and general classes:
τῖ ἐστιν ἡ εὐδαιμονὶα; What is happiness?
οἱ ἰατροί εἰσι κακοί. Doctors are bad.

4) with proper names:
τὸν Σωκράτην γιγνώσκω. I know Socrates.

Question 31

Translate the following:

τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ μου Φίλιππός ἐστιν.

Answer 31

My brother’s name is Phillip.

Question 32

Translate the following:

φιλῶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἀλλὰ οὐ φιλῶ τὴν χελώνην αὐτοῦ.

Answer 32

Ι love my brother, but I don’t like his turtle.

Question 33

Translate the following:

λὲγω τῳ Φιλίππῳ ὅτι αἱ χελῶναι οὐκ ἔχουσι φωνὴν διότι οὐκ ἔχουσι γλῶτταν.

Answer 33

Ι tell Phillip that turtles don’t have a voice because they don’t have a tongue.

Question 34

Translate the following:

δὐο δακτύλοις

Answer 34

with two fingers

Notice that δακτύλοις is in the dative. This is called “dative of instrument.” You can just remember that “with” is a word which can be used with the dative.

Question 35

What does τε καί mean?

Answer 35

τε is a signal that there will be a linking. We have seen καί Α καί Β = both A and B. A τε καί Β works the same way only with less emphasis. It seems less heavy, more elegant. τε is postpositive. If τε is joining two nouns, it can follow either the noun + article combination or the article alone. It is possible to say either

τῷ τε πρότῳ καί τῷ δεθτέρῳ δακτύλῳ

OR

τῷ πρότῳ τε καί τῷ δεθτέρῳ δακτύλῳ

Question 36

Translate the following:

ἡμέρᾳ τινί

Answer 36

one day, on a certain day

Question 37

What is the participle form of ἀκοὐω? How is it translated?

Answer 37

ἀκοὐων

Drop -ω from the end of any verb of the ἀκούω pattern, add -ων, and you have a participle. Translate with -ing.

ἀκοὐων τοῦτο ἔρχεται. Hearing this, he comes.

Question 38

Translate the following:

δακρὐων ἔρχεται

Answer 38

Weeping, he comes.